VIETNAM WAR (Nov. 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975) THU
Atei ~ Thang Khan Lian
A SUNGA THU OMTE
1. Vietnam War kipatna bul
2. Bang hun in Vietnam War kipan hiam?
3. Viet Cong
4. Domino Theory
5. Gulf of Tonkin
6. William Westmoreland
7. Vietnam War Protests
8. Tet Offensive
9. Vietnamization
10. My Lai Massacre
11. Kent State Shooting
12. Bang hun in Vietnam War bei hiam?
THU PATNA:
History sungah Vietnam War kicici pen United States of America leh Soviet Union kikal ah a simtham in kidona "Cold War" kici hangin hong piangkhia hi a, capitalism vs communist ideologies hanga galpi a suak kidona hi. American Republican president Richard Nixon in 1973 in Vietnam panin US galkapte a kidawhkikna (withdrawal) dingin thu pia hi. April 30, 1975 kum in Ho Chi Minh' communist forces-te in Saigon khuapi la zo in, US imperialist forces in guallelhna taktak tuak uh ahih manin Vietnam Gal Nov. 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975 (kum 19, kha nga, nipi kal li leh ni khat) sung kidona bei a, 1976 in North leh South Vietnam kigawmkik in Socialist Republic of Vietnam gam suak hi.
Hih gal kidona ah US galkap 58,318 kihelin mi 3 millions kiim bang site lakah a kimkhat valte Vietnamese nautangte hi. Vietnam War pen US president ngak tak: Harry Truman, Dwight E. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson leh Richard Nixon in a do ngekngek hangun a zawh zo loh uh gal kidona suak hi. US presidents nga makaihna nuai-ah training lim takin zong a ngah lo singtang lo nasem khuata militia a tam zawte US galkapte lak panin a muan pen uh leh a siam pen US Special Forces kici galkapte in 1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975 kikal sung a do hangun guallel in kidawkkhia uh a, na lehtai uh hi. US president Eisenhower in a diary sungah, "Hih bang gal kidona phual ah galkap thahatna tawh gualzawhna piang thei lo hi ci-in um in hong thuzawh hi," (“I am convinced that no military victory is possible in that kind of theater") ci-in Vietnam galkapte leh a kipawlpihte US galkapte a zawh lahna thu na ciamteh hi.
1.VIETNAM WAR HONG KIPATNA BUL
Vietnam gam pen kum zalom 19 hun a kipanin French gamkeekte ukna (colonial rule) nuai-ah na om hi. Galpi Nihna hun lai-in Japan Imperialist galkapte Vietnam va sim uh hi. Chinese leh Soviet communism ideologies in tha a piak Vietnamese revolutionary leh political makai Ho Chi Minh (Ho a kici ziau) in Vietnam gam a ukkhum Japanese occupiers forces leh French colonial administration lehdona dingin Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam a cihna) hong phuankhia hi.
Galpi Nihna bei kum 1945 in Japan a guallelh khit nungin Vietnam gam a galkapte nusiatsan uh ahih manin French -educated Emperor Bao Dai kici in Vietnam kumpi hong len a, a thuneihna hong keek hi. Ho Chi Minh' Viet Minh galkapte in thakhat thu-in lehdo pah Vietnam leilu (north) khuapi Hanoi la uh a, Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) gam piang ta hi ci-in a president Ho Chi Minh hi ci-in tangko uh hi. Hih bang hun in France in a thuneihna a keek nop manin kumpi Boa Dai gum in nungthuap in Vietnam gam phuankhiatpih uh a, July 1949 kum in Vietnam state capital dingin Saigon khuapi kikipsak ta hi ci-in tangkopih uh hi.
Hih bang hun in Cold War in a kisim do ngekngek den US leh Soviet Union kigolh nai lo a, North Vietnam leh South Vietnam in a gam uh a kipumkhatna ding a deih tuak hangun North Vietnam lam thuneihna leh Ho (Ho Chi Minh) leh amah a gumte in communist gamdangte gam etteh (model) nuam uh a, South Vietnam kumpi Bao (Bao Dai) leh a gumte in nitumna gamte tawh sumbawlna leh ngeina (economic leh culture) kizop ding deih hi.
2. CIK IN VIETNAM WAR HONG KIPAN?
Vietnam War leh hih gal ah US hong kigolh taktak hun (active U.S. involvement) pen 1954 kum hi a, tua hun ma-in tua kiim leh kuam (region) ah US kigolh pen kum sawm bang zah hiam bei khinsa hun pek hi ta hi. Ho' communist forces-te in a gam leilu ah thuneihna a ban lak khit nung uh northern leh southern armies-te kido zom ngekngek uh a, May 1954 kum in Battle of Dien Bien Phu kici kidona ah Ho' galkapte in gualzawhna hong ngah uh ciangin a kidona uh hong dai zaw deuh hi. Battle of Dien Bien Phu kidona ah French galkapte guallel uh ahih manin kum za khat dektak Indo-China ah French colonial rule a beina suaksak hi.
July 1954 in Geneva conference ah thukimna (treaty) suai a kaihna uh-ah Vietnam gam 17th Parallel latitude a kici (17 degrees north latitude) in phel nih in kikhen a, North Vietnam lam teng Ho in thuneihna len a, South lam teng Bao in thuneihna len hi. Hih treaty ah a gam kipumkhatkik in, a kigawmkikna (reunification) theihna dingin gam bup ah kiteelna 1956 ciangin neih dingin zong thukimna nei uh hi. Ahi zongin 1955 kum in anti-communist politician Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam kumpipa Emperor Bao in Government of the Republic of Vietnam (GVN) - tua hun in South Vietnam a kici president dingin nung sawn in tawholh den hi.
3. VIET CONG
Leitung bup ah Cold War hong nasiat sem tawh kituakin United States in Soviet Union tawh a kipawl gamte (communist bloc or Soviet allies) gamte tungah a policies khauhsak semsem hi. 1955 kum in US President Dwight D. Eisenhower South Vietnamese politician Diem leh South Vietnam a gupna in kamciamna pia hi. American military leh a secret agency uh CIA in Diem' security forces-te training leh galvan pia-in Diem’ security forces kici galkapte in South Vietnam ah Viet Minh gum leh hehpihte (sympathizers) - Eisenhower in Viet Cong (or Vietnamese Communist a cihte a betdaihna, mi 100,000 kiim a matna, tua lak panin mi tampi a bawlsiatna leh thahna ah huhna pia in tawsawn hi.
1957 kum panin Viet Cong leh Diem’ nenniamna tawh ukna (repressive regime) lehdote in South Vietnam government officials leh a ngimna (targets) dangte suam hong kipan uh a, 1959 kum panin South Vietnamese army tawh kimaituah in kido hong pan ngekngek uh hi. December 1960 in South Vietnam lam-a Diem’ langpang (opponents) mi tampi - communist leh non-communist-te in Deim' repressive regime lehdona dingin National Liberation Front (NLF) resistance force hong phuankhia uh hi. NLF in ko kipawlna pen autonomous ahih banah ka members uh a tam zawte communists hilo hi a cih hangin Washington in Hanoi in a ut bangin thuzawh in a pei (puppet) hi ci-in ngaihsun hi.
4. DOMINO THEORY
Viet Cong vauna leh lauhuaina (threat) Diem in dona dingin 1961 kum in US President John F. Kennedy in South Vietnam ah American military, economic leh technical aid lamna dingin (build-up) report a pia ding team sawl hi. Kennedy' team sawlte in "Domino Theory" nuai-ah nasem uh a, Southeast Asia gam khat communism nuai-ah a tuk leh gamdang tampi in nuinzuih ding hi cih ngaihsutna tawh Kennedy in US military kigolhna a khiamsuk hangin U.S. aid (huhna) khangsak hi. 1962 kum in South Korea ah US military 9,000 troops om phengphang ta uh ahih manin 1950s hun in galkap 800 bek om tawh teh theih ding hi loin kithuk golh semsem hi.
5. GULF OF TONKIN
Nov. 1963 in ama generals pawl khatte in thakhat thu-in thuneihna laksakna dingin a coup bawl uh lawhcing ahih manun a makaipipa uh Diem leh a sanggampa Ngo Dinh Nhu kici that uh hi. Hih thupiang pen Dallas, Texas ah Kennedy thau tawh a kisuamlup nipi kal thum ma-a thupiang hi. Diem leh a sanggampa a kithah banah Kennedy a kisuamlupna hangin South Korea ah gamvai tawh kisai kip leh kho loin kilingsak (political instability) gawp ahih manin Kennedy’ zalaih President Lyndon B. Johnson leh a Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in US military leh economic support piak nakpi takin hong behlap in khan'sak beh uh hi.
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) torpedo boats (teembawte) in Gulf of Tonkin tuipi tungah US destroyers teembaw nih a suam khit uh August 1964 in Johnson in a thukkikna dingin North Vietnam bomb khiat khum dingin thu pia hi. US Congress in Gulf of Tonkin Resolution thukimpih ahih manin Johnson in war-making powers gol zaw thupiakna nei theih ahih manin 1965 panin US gal vanlengte in codenamed "Operation Rolling Thunder" cih tawh bomb khiat hong kipan ziahziah uh hi.
US in 1964-1973 kikal Vietnam gam sung bekah bombing campaigns bawl lo a, Vietnam War hun in a lai din' (neutral) in a om Laos gam-ah CIA-led "Secret War" in Laos kici tawh Laos gam-ah zong tons 2 millions a gik bomb khiat hi. US in Laos ah hih bangin bombing campaigns a bawl a ngimna pen Pathet Lao or Lao communist forces hong khan'khiatna leh hatna dalna ding leh Vietnam gam-ah Ho Chi Minh Trail adingin supply lutte khaktan ding a ngimna hi. Loas gam-a US bombings pen leitung ah a gam per capita tawh etna panin bomb a kitam khiatna pen hi lai hi.
March 1965 in American public support kip takin a ngah manin Johnson in Vietnam ah galdo dingin US combat forces sawl dingin khensatna bawl hi. June, 1965 in Vietnam ah US combat troops 82,000 om a, military leaders-te in 1965 bei kuan in a thanem South Vietnam army huh dingin US combat troops 175,000 sap beh lai uh hi. Vietnam gam-ah galkap sawl beh ding military advisers pawl khatte in thukimpih mel loin lunghimawhna nei uh hi. Tua banah Vietnam War deih loin US anti-war movement a khan' semsem hangin President Johnson in 1965 kum July kha bei kuan galkap 100,000 sawl beh a, 1966 in galkap dang 100,000 sawl lut beh kik leuleu hi. Tua bek hi loin United States gam banah a kipawlpih South Korea, Thailand, Australia leh New Zealand in zong South Vietnam ah galdo dingin a galkap tam lua lo loin sawl ciat uh hi.
6. WILLIAM WESTMORELAND
North Vietnam ah gal vanlengte zangin air attacks zangin gal a do uh bang loin US-South Vietnam coalition in South Vietnam ah lei lam panin galdo kisaan uh a, a gal dona uh General William Westmoreland in command a, Saigon a om General Nguyen Van Thieu government tawh kizom uh hi. Westmoreland gal dona pen "policy of attrition" kici a, leitang leh gam lak ding sangin a galte' galkapte a tam thei pen thah ding cih ngimna nei hi. 1966 in South Vietnam a golzaw designated “free-fire zones” in kiciamteh a, nautang mawhna nei lo teng hih kiim panin kihemkhia in tai uh a, galte bekin nusiatsan lo uh hi. US in B-52 aircraft or shelling nasia takin a bawlna hangin hih "free-fire zones" ten' theihna ding hi nawn lo a, a bit zawkna mun Saigon kiim leh khuapi dangte ah galtai kidim hi.
US leh South Vietnamese authorities thuneite in gal kidona ah a galte a thah zah uh (enemy body count) a khengval lua-in uang gen (exaggerated) mun zaw uh a, Cambodia leh Laos gamte panin Ho Chi Minh Trial supplies leh manpower khahsuahna munte luahkhum ding ngimna nei-in thu a gen ciangun uang gen thei mahmah uh hi. Ahi zongin DRV leh Viet Cong galkapte thanem tuam loin galdo khawlsan nuam tuan loin dual tuam lo uh hi. Tua banah China leh Soviet Union, North Vietnam panin DRV leh Viet Cong galkapte huhna ngah uh ahih manun a air defenses khauhsakin hatsak semsem hi.
7. VIETNAM WAR PROTESTS
November 1967 in Vietnam ah US galkap 500,000 kiim om uh a, galkap 15,058 a sih banah 109,527 liam khin zo uh hi. Washington in Vietnam War kizo ta hi ci-in a gen mun mahmah hangin a galkapte Vietnam ah sawl lut behbeh lai in, a koihcip den manin American galkapte sungah US government a muanlahna uh hong khang semsem hi. Vietnam gal bei kuan in America galkapte - volunteers leh draftees galkapte' pumpi leh lungsim ah kisiatna (physical and psychological damages) khang semsemte lakah zatui zang (drug use), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) natna ngah, galkap kiphinna (mutinies) leh a galkapte un a officers uh leh non-commissioned officers-te suam mun mahmah uh hi. Veterans Administration in a survey bawlna ah Vietnam gam-a US galkap 3 millions kiimte lak panin galkap 500,000 kiim bang post-traumatic stress disorder, nupa kikhen (divorce), amah leh amah kithat; kisih bawl (suicide), zu ngol vei leh zatui zongsang (alcoholism and drug addiction) om hi ci hi.
July 1966 panin December 1973 kikal in Vietnam gal do nuam loin US military personnel 503,000 taisim in taikhia (deserted) uh a, American galkapte sungah anti-war movement khauhpai semsem ahih manin Vietnam gam-a US galkap omte sung leh US gam sungah lungphonate ah ngongtatna, kithahna (violent protests, killings) a hon in thonginn ah kikhumna (mass incarcerations) piang kawikawi hi. US gam-a omte in a TV panun US galkapte' bomb khiat a mulkimhuai maante leh limte na mumu uh ahih manin Vietnam gal deih loin langpanna hong khang semsem hi. October 1967 in Pentagon pua-ah mi 35,000 in Vietnam War protest kici lungphona nei uh hi. Vietnam War deih lote in hih gal ah galdo mite kimuitum loin nautangte kimuitum zaw a, United States in Saigon khuapi pansan nekguk ciing ama deihna bekin gam uk (corrupt dictatorship) gum in pahpih hi ci uh hi.
8. TET OFFENSIVE
1967 bei kuan in Hanoi’ communist leadership in gal kidona cimtakhuai sa gawp ta ahih manin gualzawhna ngah ding lametna tawh supplied hoih a nei zaw US govt. in galdo a khawlsanna dingin a nasia sem in suam hong kisaan uh hi. January 31, 1968 in Gen. Nguyen Giap' makaihna nuai-ah DRV galkap 70,000 kiim in Tet Offensive (named for the lunar new year) hong pan uh a, South Vietnam khuapite leh khuapi gol lua lote (cities and towns) 100 val khat khit khat ban suam kawikawi uh hi. US leh South Vietnamese forces in hih bangin suamna a kiginkholh lohpi-in a tuah lamdang a sak hangin thukkik pah lo a, communists DRV forces in ni nih val suam zom beh thei lo hi.
Tet Offensive kici gal dona reports in America gam-a mipite lungsim phawng vat in lamdangsa mahmah uh a, a deuhkhol in Vietnam gal kizo dek mahmah ta hi kicici napi-in US galkap makai Westmoreland in galkap 200,000 a nget beh manin US gam mipite in lamdangsa semsem uh hi. Mai kum ciangin election tuak ding President Johnson' approval ratings kiat sukna hangin South Vietnam ah bomb khiat a kizop veve hangin Johnson in North Vietnam ah bomb khiat khawlsan dingin thu pia a, election ka tuhkik sangin ka term bei ma sung teng kilemna a pian'na dingin ka hanciam zaw ding hi ci-in kamciam hi.
Johnson in March 1968 in a thugenna ah kilemna a lunggulhna thu a gen kik khit nungin Hanoi panin a hoihlam in dawn'na ngah a, May kha-in Paris khuapi-ah US leh North Korea in peace talks nei uh hi. Hih peace talks ah South Vietnamese leh NLF a khuanung in a kihel hangin 1968 election season ah ngongtatna piang a, Republican Richard M. Nixon in gualzawhna hong ngah khitin peace talks thudon nawn lo ahih manin peace dialogue mainawt thei nawn loin din'khawl hi.
9. VIETNAMIZATION
Republican warmonger president Nixon in gal dona a deih American "silent majority" lungkimsakna dingin anti-war movement thudon loin daangkoih hi. Gal kidona ah American a si leh liam (casualties) khiamsukna dingin a program pat thak "Vietnamization" hong pan a, US galkapte dawhkhiat (withdrawing) kipanin huih lak panin bomb khiat leh thaupi tawh kap (aerial and artillery bombardment) khangsak a, ground war control zawhna dinga kisam South Vietnamese tungah training leh galvan piak kisaansak hi.
A Vietnamization policy banah Nixon in Paris ah higher-level secret talks panin public peace talks hong pan a, 1968 nipi hun kipat ma (spring) in a Secretary of State Henry Kissinger sawl in public peace talks ah kihelsak hi. North Vietnamese in Vietnam gam panin US galkap khempeun a kidawhkhiat ban uh-ah US -backed General Nguyen Van Thieu a kipaihkhiat mateng kilemna piang thei lo ding hi ci-in kalh uh ahih manun peace talks mainawt thei loin din'khawl kik hi.
10. MY LAI MASSACRE
Tua khit zawh a kum kikte ah kithahna leh ngongtatna hong nasia semsem a, March 1968 in US galkapte in My Lai khua-ah hehpihna bei-in hiam tawi lo nautang 400 val a lom thahna (My Lai massacre a kici) uh a ngongtatna thusim teng uh hong kipholakkhia hi. My Lai Massacre a pian' khit nungin anti-war protests hong khauhpai semsem a, 1988 leh 1969 kum sung America gam sungah anti-war protest marches leh gatherings za tampi ah lungphona piang hi. November 15, 1969 IN American history adingin anti-war demonstration thupi pen leh gol pen Washington, D.C., ah piang a, Vietnam panin American galkapte dawhkhiat ding deih in mi 250,000 kiim in buaina piangsak loin kikaikhawm (gathered peacefully) uh hi.
Anti-war movement hatna mun pente pen a deuhkhol in college campuses sung hi a, hih banga gal deih loin lungphona neihna hangin Americans mite sungah kikhenna thukpi leh kituah lohna guam lianpi piangsak hi. Khangno pawl khatte in Vietnam War pen thuneihna a ki-etcik loh (unchecked authority) hang hi ci-in anti-war movement ah kihel uh a, mi pawl khatte leuleu in bel government langpan’na ahih manin gam it lohna leh lehpeina (unpatriotic and treasonous) hi ci-in ngaihsun uh hi. Hih bang ngaihsutna pen American tu dongin kilemna ding deih zaw deuh Democrats leh gal om ding a deih warmonger Republicans sungah ngaihsutna kibang lo hangin kikhenna guam thukpi a piangsak thu hi ngitnget den hi.
Vietnam panin US galkap a kilakkhiat masak pen khitin a om laite galdo nopna lungsim a neemsak banah a makaite uh tungah lungkim lohna hangin thangpaihna piangsak hi. Galdo nuam loin a taimang (desertion) tul sawm tampi zahtakna kipia loin kitawpsak (dishonorable discharges for desertion) a, 1965-73 kikal sungin Americans pasal 500,000 a lo thei loin (compulsory) military service sem nuam lo“draft dodgers” kici omte conscription a kikhumna panin a kipelh theihna dingun Canada gam-ah tai uh hi. Hih hun in US President 45 veina Donald Trump zong Pennsylvania University panin graduation a zawh kum hi a, kum 22 kiim pha napi-in American galkap a khum dingin military drafts nga vei a ngah hangin galdo in kuan nuam lo hi (pawl khatte conscription panin a kipelh theihna dingin mihau a pa in golhguk pia hi ci uh hi). 1972 kum in President Nixon in military draft calls (conscription) beisak a, 1973 kum panin amau ut thu tawh galkap a tum nuam all-volunteer army mite kikhum hi.
11. KENT STATE SHOOTING
1970 in US-South Vietnamese operation kipawl in Cambodia a DRV supply bases omnte suksiat mangsak ding ngimna in Cambodia gam va sim uh hi. Tua khitin South Vietnamese in North Vietnam tawh kipawlin huhna pia Laos gam sim phei kik hi. Cambodia leh Laos gam simna (invasions) international law palsat ahih manin America gam-a college campuses sungte lungphona tuihual thak hong piang kik hi. Tua bang lungphona tuamtuamte lakah May 4, 1970 in Ohio state sunga om Kent State University ah National Guardsmen in sangnaupang li kaplum hi. Tua khit ni sawm nungin lungphona neihna mun Mississippi state sunga Jackson State University ah police in sangnaupang nih kaplum hi.
June bei kuan 1972 kum in Hanoi in South Vietnam a simna ah a lawhsap khitin kilemna bawl ding Hanoi in hong thukim hi. US Secretary of State Kissinger leh North Vietnamese palaite (representatives) in phalbi tun ma-in peace agreement draft uh a, ahi zongin Saigon a makaite in thukimpih lo uh hi. December 1972 in President Nixon in peace agreement palsat in “Christmas Bombings” kici hong pan a, Hanoi leh Haiphong khuapite bomb a kikhiatna dingin thu pia ahih manin international community in nakpi takin mawhpaih hi.
12. BANG HUN IN VIETNAM WAR BEI HIAM?
January 1973 in United States leh North Vietnam in final peace agreement nei uh ahih manin gam nihte kikal ah kigalneihna leh kidona taktak (open hostilities) bei hi. Ahi zongin North Vietnam leh leh US kipawlpih South Vietnam kikal ah kidona bei thei lo ahih manin April 30, 1975 in North Vietnamese communist DRV forces galkapte Saigon khuapi la uh a, a min dingin a makaipipa uh tamsak in Ho Chi Minh City ci uh hi. (Ho Chi Minh 1969 kum in si hi).
Kum 20 val bang gal kidona hangin Vietnam War bei khit nungin gal kidona ah Vietnamese 2 millions kiim si a, 3 millions kiim in liamna a tuah ban uh-ah 12 millions galtai suak uh hi ci-in kituat hi. Gal kidona hangin Vietnamese infrastructure leh economy kisia mang khin dikdek a, a lamkikna in kum tampi kivei hi. 1976 in North leh South Vietnam gam nihte Socialist Republic of Vietnam in a kigawmkik hangin a gam kiimte, China leh Cambodia cihte kihelin kum 15 sung ngongtatna mun tuamtuam ah dai lo hi. 1986 kum in Vietnam govt. in free market policy hong zat manin a oil exports a khan’sak banah foreign capital lutna hangin a economy hong hoih tuam kik hi. 1990s panin Vietnam leh US in trade leh diplomatic relations nei kik uh hi. US in 1973 in a galkapte inn a ciahkik sak khit zawh a om laite April 30, 1975 in DRV forces-te in Saigon a lak ni uh a kipanin a lom in kihemkhia uh hi. 1965-73 kikal sung US in Vietnam War ah $120 billion a beisak manin inflation sangsak khin mang ahih manin 1973 kum in oil crisis a piangsak banah datsi man (fuel prices) khan cihtakin khangsak hi.
Vietnam War in pumpi (physical) sangin lungsim lamsang (physically) ah a suk khakna thuk zaw hi. Vietnam War in American zawh zawh hilo hi upmawh thu (myth of American invincibility) zuauthu hi cih a kilatsak banah hih gal hangin America ah kikhenna guam thukpi piangsak hi. Gal dona panin a ciakkik veterans tampi in anti-war pawl in mawhna nei lo nautangte that guallelte hi ci-in negative reactions tawh a hoih lo lamin muakin en uh a, US gal vanlengte in Galpi Nihna hun in chemical kizang sangin a tam zaw Vietnam gammang hanta dingin sih theihna khaici za toxic herbicide Agent Orange kici gallons millions tampi a khiat manun tu dong naungek mipoi piangsiual sa-in a suak om lai hi.
1982 in Washington, D.C. ah Vietnam Veterans Memorial a hon’na kinei a, Vietnam War a si ahih kei leh kimu loin a mang Americans mi 57,939 min kigelh a, tua khit nungin kiphuahpha kik in 58,200 hi ci-in kicimteh hi.
GAL KIDONA AH KIHELTE (BELLIGERENTS) LEH A GALDO GALKAP KIHEL ZAH:
1. North Vietnam coalition: 860,000 (1967)
*North Vietnam: 690,000 (1966, including PAVN and Viet Cong).
*Viet Cong: 200,000 sanga tawm zaw (estimated, 1968)
*China: 170,000 (1968); 320,000 total
*Khmer Rouge: 70,000 (1972)
*Pathet Lao: 48,000 (1970)
*Soviet Union: 3,000 sanga tawm zaw
*North Korea: 200
2. South Vietnam coalition: 1,420,000 (1968)
*South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968)
1,500,000 (1974–1975)
*United States: 2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total
Peak: 543,000 (April 1969)
*Khmer Republic: 200,000 (1973)
*Laos: 72,000 (Royal Army and Hmong militia)
*South Korea:48,000 per year (1965-1973, 320,000 total)
*Thailand: 32,000 per year (1965-1973)
(in Vietnam and Laos)
*Australia: 50,190 total (Peak: 7,672 combat troops)
*New Zealand: 3,500 total (Peak: 552 combat troops)[18]:
*Philippines: 2,061
Vietnam War hun sungin Vietnam sung bek ah gal kidona piang lo a, a kiim-a om gam Loas leh Cambodia ah gal kidona in pek napi-in Laos leh Cambodia gam cihte a gal kidonate ah zong US leh a pawlte in Japan Gal lelh bang in lel kawikawi uh hi. Gal kidona munte (locations) South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand ahi hi.
Results:
Vietnam War hangin:
*North Vietnamese leh Viet Cong/PRG in in US leh a pawlte tungah gualzawhna ngah uh hi.
*Vietnam panin US galkapte kidokkhia (withdrawal of U.S. forces) uh hi.
*Communist forces a kici galkapte in South Vietnam, Cambodia leh Laos gamte ah thuneihna bup lakin ngah uh hi.
*Gam nih a kiphalkhap Vietnam gam kigawmkik (Reunification of Vietnam) hi.
*Cambodian–Vietnamese War kipan hi.
*Boat people crisis leh Indochina refugee crisis kipan in piangsak hi.
*Cambodian Genocide kici US in a gup Khmer Rouge regime ukna nuai-ah kilom thahna piang hi.
*Territorial changes: North leh South Vietnam pumkhat suakin kigawmkik uh ahih manin Socialist Republic of Vietnam gam hong piang hi.
Sources:
Red Fish;
History.com;
Wikipedia
