SPUTNIK, LUNA, "SPACE RACE" I CIH BANG HIAM?
SPUTNIK 1:
Sputnik or Sputnik 1 pen leitung adingin mihingte' bawltawm (artificial) satellite masa pen hi a, October 4, 1957 in 5th Tyuratam range,Kazakh SSR (tu-in Baikonur Cosmodrome kici) panin kilawnkhia hi. Sputnik satellite nikal khatin 29,000 kilometres per hour (18,000 mph or 8,100 m/s) leng a, orbit khat a leng kimkotna dingin 96.2 minutes hun la hi. Sputnik in leitung bup ah radio operators monitored theihna dingin 20.005 leh 40.002 MHz pia a, Oct. 26, 1957 in ni 21 sung a transmitter batteries a bei dong (radio) signals pia hi. Jan. 4, 1958 in leitung a tuam huih a lutkik (atmosphere re-entry) khit a kha thum khitin Sputnik kang (burned) a, leitung orbit 1440 vei kimkot man a, 70 million km (43 million mi) a gamla sung a leng khitin kang hi.
Sputnik kilot hun pen Cold War nasiat laitak ahih manin Russiate space pilna demna dingin 29 July 1955 in U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a press secretary tung tawnin Russia demna dingin International Geophysical Year (IGY) hun sungin artificial satellite lot dingin pulak hi. Tua khit 8 August in Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in artificial satellite thak bawl dingin thukimna pia hi. 30 August in head of the State Commission Vasily Ryabikov in R-7 rocket test kik a, Vasily Ryabikov in Korolev kiangah khapi ah spacecraft lengna dingin a trajectory presentation pia a, satellite lotna dingin R-7 rocket three-stage version bawl dingin thukhensatna nei uh hi.
R-7 rocket sik peh Sputnik satellite masa them tuamna (cover) dinga tawhtang (key) hi a, a kilot ma-in a batteries leh transmitter kisukkhak lohna ding dal hi. 30 January 1956 in Council of Ministers artificial Earth-orbiting satellite bawl dingin practical work nasepna kipat dingin thukimna pia a, a satellite min dingin "Object D" kiphuak hi. Hih satellite pen 1957–58 a zawh dingin geelna nei uh a, a gikna 1,000 - 1,400 kg (2,200 to 3,100 lb) pha ding leh satellite instrument 200 - 300 kg (440 to 660 lb) a gik pua zo dinga kibawl hi. "Object D" satellite 1957 a lotkhiat dingin geelna nei uh hi.
July 1956 in a satellite preliminary design nasepna man uh a, atmosphere sahna tehna ding, nisa huih (solar wind), ion composition, magnetic fields leh cosmic rays sinna leh kanna dingin kibawl hi. A data pen maban ah artificial satellite bawlna dingin a manpha dinga kibawl hi a, grounds station satellite panin a signal khahkhiat data kaihkhopna ding, satellite' orbit lim takin kanna ding leh satellite command transmit theihna dinga kibawl hi. Hun kinawh manin observation ni 7 - 10 bawl ding leh orbit tuatna (calculation) man tak-a pia thei dingin bawl man lo uh hi.
1956 bei kuanin a geelna lian bangun a design tawh 'Object D" pen scientific instrument bawlna hamsat man leh R-7 engine impulse pen 309 - 310 sec hih sak ding geelna a neih uh hi napi impulse 304 sec bek pia zo hi. Hih thu hangin Soviet (Russian) government in Object D (a khua nungin Sputnik cih min tawh kilengsak) April 1958 cianga lotkhiat dingin a hun sotto hi.
USSR (Soviet Union, tu-in Russia kici) in satellite a lotkhiat ma-in US in a lotkhiat ding kitakna hangin Soviet in OKB-1 satellite April–May 1957 in bawl a July 1957 in US in IGY a lotkhiat ma-in lotkhiat ding hi ci hi. OKB-1 satellite pen a zaang (light) mahmah 100 kg (220 lb) a gik ding, a bawl baihlam ding leh simple radio transmitter sangin heavy scientific equipment tawh bawl dingin geel uh hi. 15 February 1957 in Council of Ministers of the USSR simple satellite a min 'Object PS' cih ding bawl dingin thukimna pia hi. Hih satellite Earth-based observers tracking bawl ding, grongd-based receiving station panin signal piakhia thei dingin bawl uh a, satellite nih - PS-1 leh PS-2, leh rocket nih R-7 rockets (8K71) lotkhiat dingin thukimna pia hi. R-7 rockets in test flights nih vei lawhcing takin nei thei hi.
R-7 Semyorka pen OBB-1 tawh leitung bup kha thei ding inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) a zat theih dingin Soviet in a design a bawl ahi hi. R-7 bawl ding pen Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union leh Council of Ministers of the USSR in 20 May 1954 in thukhensatna la hi. R-7 pen GRAU zong kici (a khua nungin GURVO kici) designation min 8K71 hi. Tua hun in R-7 pen NATO sources in a min dingin T-3 or M-104, Type A ci hi. Hih rocket bawlna dingin special reconnaissance commission mun dingin Tyuratam (5th Tyuratam range,"NIIP-5", or post-Soviet hun in "GIK-5" kici) ah bawl dingin thukhensatna 12 February 1955 in Council of Ministers of the USSR in a neih hangin a mun 1958 dong kizo man lo hi. A test site mun ding nasepna 20 July in military building units ten pan uh hi. 14 June 1956 in Sergei Korolev in R-7 rocket pen 'Object D' in adapt bawl dingin thukhensatna la a, tua khitin a zaang zaw tham 'Object PS' tawh laih dingin thukhensana bawl hi.
15 May 1957 in R-7 rocket (8K71 No.5L) kilawnkhia masa a, Blok D strap panin thakhatin lengkhia (liftoff) dek pah a, ahih hangin a booster T-98 seconds strap-on dong a leng khitin a rocket 400 km downrange ah kia hi. A second rocket (8K71 No.6) thum vei June 10-11 kikal in kilotkhiat sawm kik a, ahih hangin a pumpi hemna (assemble defect) hangin kilawnkhia thei lo hi. A third rocket (8K71 No.7) zong kilotkhiat sawm napi July 12 in lawhsam kik hi. Electrical short hangin vernier engines ah a missile kikhukna (roll) control zawh loh piangsak a, a lotkhiat khit 33 seconds in strap-ons ah kikhen a, a kilotkhiatna mun panin 7 km gamla ah R-7 kia hi.
A fourth rocket (8K71 No.8) pen 21 August 15:25 Moscow Time in lawhcing takin kilawnkhia a, dummy weapon kicite target altitude leh velocity ah kapkhiattheihna ding thapia hi. Ahih hangin atmosphere ah hong lutkik in 6,000 km a leng khit nungin lei panin 10 km (6.2 ml) a gamla van lakah kisia hi. 27 August TASS news in a statement in long-distance multistage ICBM lawhcing takin kilawnkhia hi ci hi. A fifth R-7 rocket (8K71 No.9) pen 7 September in lawhcing takin a kilotkhiat kik hangin a dummy kici atmosphere ah a lutkik dingin kisia kik ahih manin galvan a zat theih dingin a design kipuahpha kik hi. Ahih hangin fifth R-7 rocket galvan a zat ding (military purpose) bek hi loin satellite lotkhiatna ding kizang thei ahih manin Korolev in State Commission in a kik R-7 pen galvan a zattheih PS-1 leh PS-2 satellites lotkhiatna zat dingin thuzawh zo hi.
22 September in modified R-7 rocket (Sputnik or 8K71PS indexed ci-in a kiciamteh) 8K71PS pen PS-1 lotkhiatna dingin kizang thei hi. Military R-7 test vehicles (rocket) tawh tehin 8K71PS (Sputnik) mass 280 tonnes panin 272 tonnes in kineusak a, a sauna PS-1 tawh kikim 29.167 metres (95 ft 8.3 in) leh lift off thrust 3.90 NM (7.22 km; 4.49 mi) in kibawl hi. Sputnik a neu zaw in a kibawl theihna pen inertial guidance system ki-delete a, telemetry measurements kitawmsak a, galvan a zat theih dingin hardware designed support thei dingin kibawl hi. Leitunga artificial satellite masa pen leh galvan a zattheih dingin Soviet in Sputnik or Sputnik 1 kici October 4, 1957 in 5th Tyuratam range,Kazakh SSR (tu-in Baikonur Cosmodrome kici) panin kilawnkhia masa pen hi. Soviet in khapi sung tung dingin spacecraft masa pen January 2, 1959 16:41:21 UTC in 387-kilogram (853 lb) a gik Luna E-1A spacecraft kici heliocentric orbit in koih hi.
SPACE RACE:
Sputnik (R-7) core stage ah kha nih sung 2 December 1957 dong om a, obit ah kha thum sung 4 January 1958 dong om in, leitung kimkot in 1,440 vei kimkot (orbits) hi. Soviet ten Sputnik 1 a lot man un America mipi ten lamdang sa mahmah uh a, US technological superpower hi a, Soviet Union pen a khangto nai lo a tuantual lai gam (backward country) hi ci-in mi' uptheih dingin thuphuahtawm a tangkona (propaganda) uh a mawkna suaksak hi. Ahih hangin Soviet ten Sputnik 1 a lotkhiat lam uh CIA leh US President Eisenhower in secret spy plane imagery panin na thei uh a, Soviet dem ding hong kithawi uh pah uh hi. Tua khitin US ten Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) hong bawl uh a, Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Explorer 1 bawl kipanin 31 January 1958 in lawnkhia uh hi.
Ahi zongin US ten Explorer a lotkhiat ma un Soviet Union ten a satellite nihna ding uh Sputnik 2 uh 3 November 1957 in lawn (launched) kik leuleu uh hi. Tua hun mahin Soviet ten Dec. 6, 1957 in Vanguard TV3 televised failure a bawl kik man un Space Kitaidemna (Space Race) ah America mite lungkiatna lianpi kibehlap sak hi. Americans ten Soviet Union demna dingin panmun khauhzaw la-in science leh technological research leh reforms lamsang pibawlin military panin education systems lamah pan hong la uh a, US federal government in education lamsang - science, engineering leh mathematics ah nakpi takin investment bawl kipan hi. US in a advanced research group pen galkap leh galvan lam a zat dingin (military purposes) bawl a, research groups ten galvan ICBMs, missile defense systems leh spy satellites bawl uh hi.
LUNA:
Sputnik lotkhiatna hangin Space Race ah kidemna nakpi takin khangsak a, Soviet ten Luna 1 ahih kei leh Mechta kici (Russian: Мечта in kici a, a khiatna Zan a mang; sunmang i.e. Dream a cihna) E-1 No.4 kici January 2, 1959 16:41:21 UTC in Site 1/5, Baikonur Cosmodrome panin Luna 8K72 rocket tawh khapi tunga satellite masa pen (First Lunar Rover) lawn uh a, leitung velocity panin mihing bawl khapi ah koih ding ngimna na (object) masa pen a pua rocket tawh a gihna kigawm 1,472-kilogram (3,245 lb) heliocentric orbit ah Soviet ten koih uh hi.
Leitung adingin a masa pen Luna spacecraft a programme dik lohna (error) upper stage ah a piang manin khapi ah ngaihsutna kituak khawm (impact) piangsak thei lo hi. Ahih hangin khapi pua (surface) panin 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) a gamla ah naikal 34 a leng khitin 4 January 1959 in va tung hi. Luna spacecraft in Ni, Leitung leh Mars kimkot (orbits) a, khapi kiang tawh kinaih pen First Lunar Rover suak hi.
Leitung kawnggak (belts) nih leitung panin a sangna lam (altitude) 500 - 58,000 kilometers panin a om zah a sahna a kibang lo sih theihna ni panin huih (solar wind) cosmic ray panin hong piang a khauh mahmah radiation "Van Allen radiation" om kipatna mun magnetosphere pua dong paikan in Luna leng suak hi. Luna mission in lim takin etcikna leh kankhiatna (observation) a bawl theih manin leitung outer belt kicihna energy particles omte kankhiatna bawl thei a, leitung radiation belt leh outer space a data tampi kaikhawm a, khapi sungah hupna tualpi (magnetic field) om loin leitung bangin khapi in hup theihna (gravity) nei lo cih cih a mukhiat banah solar wind direct observation leh tehna (measurement) bawlkhia thei masa pen suak hi.
Tua loin Ni panin interplanetary space steaming panin iodized plasma hong khauh takin luang (strong flow hi cih va mukhia hi. Ni panin ionized plasma hong luangkhia pen altitudes 20–25 thousand km ah 700 particles per cm3 hi a, altitudes 100–150,000 km ah 300 - 400 particles per cm3 hi cih a teh theih banah half-kilometre a gamla panin radio communication pia thei leh piangsak thei spacecraft masa pen suak hi.
SPACE KAHNA:
History adingin control na tawh space ah kah masa pen (manned spaceflight) mihing ding dingin Soviet ten Baikonur Cosmodrome panin April 12, 1961, 07:55 UTC in Vostok 3KA space capsule (spacecraft) tawh Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagagin April 12, 1961, 06:07 UTC in sawl uh a, space sungah Yuri Gagarin April 12, 1961, 07:55 UTC in tung tung hi. Outer space dong a sik masa pen mihing Yuri Gagarin suak hi. Space ah Vostok 3KA spacecraft a tun'na dingin a kilotkhiat panin 108 minutes leng a, a sangna lam 7 km (23,000) panin parachute tawh space leitang 51.270682°N 45.99727°E ah Yuri Gagari tuakkhia a, space leitang ah naikal khat leh minutes 48 (1 hour, 48 minutes) sung Gagarin va vak kawikawi hi.
Vostok 3KA space capsule (spacecraft) in orbits khat vei kimkot a, space panin ground station a omte tawh tampi vei a kihokhiat ciangin cidam in leitung ah Garagin hong ciahkik hi.
Space ah mihing kahna phawkna dingin April 12 pen USSR in Cosmonautics Day ci-in pulakin zang uh a, tu-in Russia in official in "Commemorative Dates of Russia," ci-in zang uh a, 2011 in UN in International Day of Human Space Flight ci-in pulak hi.
SPUTNIK NEWS:
Artificial satellite masa pen Sputnik phawkna dingin Russian government in Sputnik news a bawl ahi hi. Sputnik news pen ni dangin The Voice of Russia leh RIA Novosti news agency, news website platform leh radio broadcast service hi a, Russian government-controlled news agency Rossiya Segodnya aa ahi hi. November 10, 2014 in kipankhia hi. A headquarter pen Moscow ah om a, regional editorial offices Washington, Cairo, Beijing, London, Edinburgh ah om hi. Sputnik's Washington D.C. office a editor Peter Martinichev hi a, a bureau chief Mikhail Safronov hi. Sputnik in a bulpuh America langpan'na hilo a, global politics leh economics kisai thu hi a, non-Russian audience mite ngaih ding leh sim dinga kibawlkhia ahi hi.
Sputnik news pen pau 30 val in kikhahkhia a, tuate lakah English, Spanish, Polish, Serbian, Abkhazian, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Belarusian, Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dari, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavian, Norwegian, Ossetian, Pashto, Persian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish, Tajik, Turkish, Urdu, Uzbek leh Vietnamese pau kihelin a kisuaksak news hi. Sputnik websites pen nisim in naikal 800 omna inn radio broadcasting leh newswire service hi.
Russia thahatna leh kitakhuaina;vauna (Russian threat; Russophobic) lehdona leh nan'na (counter) dingin US in Russia galvan leite, adiakin leitung adingin air defense hoihpen S-400s leite tungah khalna (sanctions) koihkhumna dingin America galte nan'na dingin khalna thukham "Countering America's Adversaries Trough Sanctions Act" (CAATSA) kici bawl a, CAATSA hangin US President in Russia' galvan leite tungah khalna koih khumna dingin suaikai a, tua pen thukham (law) suak hi. US President in Russia bek hi loin North Korea leh Iran galvante lei gamte tungah economic khalna (economic sanction) bawl theihna dingin Aug. 2, 2017 in CAATSA thukimna suai kai hi.
References:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/…/statement-president-do…/Sputnik @ Wikipedia;
Luna @ Wikipedia;
Van Allen Radiation @Wikipedia; S
putnik News @Wikipedia; Vostok 1 @Wikipedia
A kaikhawm: Thang Khan Lian
