I Pau leh i Lai
Agelh ~ M. Nguldoukhup
Leitung a pau tuamtuam a pau minam (ethno-linguistic group) 11,881 leh paizia kichiantak nei pau 7,148 khawng omte lak ah eite a neupen hi tuan kei hang. Leitung a mihingte’ paute pau inkuan (language family) tuamtuam in kikhen hi. Ei Zoumite’ pau pen Tibeto-Burman pau innkuan sung a om i hi hi. Tibeto-Burman sung ah Burmese leh Tibetan paute a lianpente hi ua, a zom in Bodo, Meitei, Chin-Kuki-Mizo paute, Naga paute leh Garo paute leng a lianpen pawl hi uhi. Ei Zoumite paute lak ah Paite/Tedim pau peen Myanmar (Burma) leh India sung a mihing 2,50,000 khawng in a zat uh hi in kituat hi.
Minam khatpeuh pau (language) sung a pau ka-hiangte dialect kichi hi. Language leh dialect chih kilamdanna “tang” (mountain) leh “mual” (hill) akilamdanna toh teh theih hi. Pau khatpeuh i gen chiang in pau tuam mawng khat bang a gennop leh “Language” chih theih a, pau inkuan khat sung a Pau -kahiang khat bang a gennop leh “dialect” kichi thei hi. Hiai ah pau pen pau tuam, paulian khat bang a gen in Language chi ding. Zomite paute R-group leh L-group in kikhen a, Paite pau pen “L-Group” (R-neilou) Kawlpau (Burmese), Thadou, Zou, Simte, Gangte leh Vaiphei paute lak a khat ahi hi.
PAU KHAT SUNG AH KIBATLOUHNA ZEKZEK (VARIETY) OM
Pau dangte bang in i pau sung ah leng i pau bulpi leh paipi akibang himahleh i teenna gam a tuam ziak in pau zatdan leh aw-kaih kibanglou zekzek a hong piang a tuate pen international ahihke’h geographical dialect ahihke’h variety ahi hi. I kim i kiang a pau dangte i zuih khakna om ziak bang leh kammal/thumal leh pau zat kiphuak thak om zel ziak in pau ah chi tuamna zekzek hong piang hi. Etsakna tamlou i gen ding. Tedim pau sung ah Burmese leh pau dangte apat kila bangzah hiam om hi. Etsakna: Tapidaw (Saptuam), Lawki (Gingloumi), Kham (Suangmantam), Sabuai (Dohkan), Teci pang (Theihpih), Man (Lem), Tembaw (Longpi), Siamah (Nurse), Niangtui (Singpi), Tu (Belam), Nai (Dak), Za (Damdawi), Zatou (Damdawi Inn), Laivuan (Examination), Tavuan (Tanvou) chih leh adangdang.
India gam sung a Paite pau ah leng pau dang apat kila leh thumal kiphuak thak bangzah hiam om hi. Etsakna. Hap (Behlap/Piakbeh zek), Khilai (An Hiam Singpi ahihke’h Nek Theih Leisak), Skul (Sang, School), Oja (Sangsia), Babu (Milian, Milal deuhte chihna), Pathian’ thu awi (Pathian gingta a zui), Kaam (Na, Nasepna/ Job), Chalak (a hoihlou, a gilou lam a pi), Maida (Flour) chih leh a dangdangte.
Tua ban ah Burma leh India gam sung a thumal zat leh zatdan tuam zekzek (pau dang apat i lak hi tuan khollou) omte tamlou i en ding. Kamsia (Vangsia), Hamsa (Haksa), Bek (Kia/only), Meithal (Thau), Gilsan (Santeen), Ngaihsun (Ngaihtuah), Antanna (An-ngawlna), Thungen (Thum/Pray), Kamsang (Zawlnei), Sangkah (School kai), Phawk tawntung (Theigige), Lungdam (kipak), Awng hoh (Daileng/Ektha), Lai-at (Lai gelh/Clerk na sem), Kam (Pau), Teikhia (Letkhia/translate), Hang/ a hang (Ziak /a ziak), Hih (Hiai), Tua (Huai), Kamphen (Kamlet), Maisak (Ngaidam), Tua chi ding (Huchi ding), Anlum (Tanghou, sang), Lungsim kitheihna (Sia-le-pha theihna), Nouhsiat/ Houpih (Chibaibuk) chihte leh a dangdang. Hiaite pen pau kikatna pi hilou in thumal khiatna (meaning) kibang ahihke’h kizawitawn synonym hi mai uhi. I pau a synonym dang khenkhat “um” leh “gingta”, “kammak” leh “thumal”, “awng” leh “kikou” chihte khawng leng hi uhi. Tua ban ah India sung a Paite pau ah “leng” chih akizang deuh a, Burma lam at “zong” a zang uh. Himahleh, pau kumlui leh la pau ah “zong” chih ahi. “Himahleh” i chih leng khanglam ate pau zat ah “Ahi zong in” chih ahi.
Agam a tuam dungzui a pauzat kibanglou zekzek (variety) om i chih English pau bang a leng a om tham hi ahi. England gam kizang deuh English pen British English (Br E) akichi a, America a kizang deuh pen American English (Am E) chih ahi. Huchibang in Canadian English, Australian English chih leng om hi. Tua bangte English pau a tuam mawng om ahi kei a, English pau khat sung a variety ahi lel zaw uhi. Himahleh tuate dialect achi kei ua variety achi zaw uh. Tua kibatlouhna zekzek omte verbal phrase, idiom (pau kumlui), thumal kiphuak thak leh a gelhdan (spelling) leh a simkhiakdan/ lohkhiakdan kibanglou zek chih khawng ahi hi. Etsakna tamlou: BrE a “Push in’ chih AmE “cut in”, Br E a “Autumn’ pen AmE in English pau lui zang lai in “Fall” chi hi. Thumal zatna kibanglou khenkhat Am E pen gitkual sung a koih in I en lai ding; Toilet (Bathroom), Petrol (Gas), luggage (baggage), leh a dangdang. Gelhdan kibanglou: Defence (De fense), labour (Labor) leh a dangdang. English dictionary-te ah en in. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English ah kitaaklang tam pen maithei. Hiai i genna ziak pen pau khatpeuh a variety om ahi chih i taaklat nopna ahi. Paite pau ah leng Burma variety leh India variety om hi ahi. Sin leh zil, taktak leh takpi, lian leh gol, leh a dangdang leng zatdan kibanglou zekzek hi uhi. Huai leh Tuak adverbial suffix zatdan ah, ngaihsut huai leh Ngaihtuah tuak, Theih-huai leh Theih tuak chihte ah zatdan kibanglou zek hi.
India variety ah nungak hiam tangval pasal hiam zi nei hak a sawtpi lengte Lengkul i chi hi. El lam in Sawtpi i chih khanglamte’n Sauveipi chi ua, a gen kibang bel hi ahi. English mite khawng in a pau uh variety nih leh thum om rnahleh lai agelh chiang un, a diak in English pau zang leh simte tengteng zatkhawrn theih ding laibu a bawl chiang un British pau lua hiam America pau lua (Americanism) zang lou in English pai tangpen (Standard English) a zang uhi. Etsakna di’n Bible Translation a bawl chiang un (New International Version leh a dangdang) English pau pai tangpen a zang uhi. Ei lak ah leng zat tangpi theih ding pau zat paipi khat nei a lai gelh i sawm touh zel hoih ding ahi.
REGIONAL/LOCAL DIA-LECT TE :
Gam a tuam ziak a variety piang thei ahihban ah khobing ahihke’h gam khat sung a teengte lak ah regional ahihke’h local dialect a piang hi. Chin State sung ah Sihzang, Teizang, Dim Ieh khobing pau dangdang a om hi. Himahleh Tedim khopi leh a kimvel a pau kizang tangpi pen Tedim pau I chih azang khawm uhi. India khopi leh a kimvel a pau kizang tangpi pen Tedim pau i chih a zang khawm uhi. India gam sung a Paite pau sung ah leng Bukpi, Lamzang, Val, Dapzal, Lousau, Ngennung leh a dangdang a om hi. Tua bang regionalism ahihke’h localism (dialect) te pen kho khat sung a kiphuakkhia thumal thak hiam pau zat tuam zek leh aw-kaih kibanglou zekzek (dialectal variation) hi uhi.
Dialect tuamtuamte sung ah khobing pau (localism) kichi dialect dangte toh kibatlouhna nei, khobing a kizang, akiphuak tawm maimai hi uhi. Etsakna di’n Vangai-tang a ka na teenna khua ah poimoh ahihke’h kul chihna in kulmoh chih akizang mawk hi. Phaitong leh Khajang khua khawng ah masak chih maksak a chi uhi (Kei theih maksak ahi/Kei theih masak ahi). Ka nu leh ka pa pianna khua Songtal khawng ah, kholak pau ah chi leuh tel, Chikawi thahah chihte akizang hi. Bukpi ah a du chih khat kizang hi. Himahleh hichibangte leh khobing pau lua khenkhatte pen i lai pau di’a zat taak khollou om hi.
Local dialect-te ah thil (nna) chihdan kibang lou zekzek kimu hi Etsakna: Vasa = Sava; Zusa = Sazu; Ngasa = Sanga; Kawltutuikang = kurtai = Thangkhuai, Nawtkuang = Meigit = Kiatkou chih leh a dangdang. Paite dialect-te lak ah Dapzal dialect in Lusei pau a kawm tam deuh ziak in, a tuam zekzek om hi. Etsakna: ‘R’ zatna, ‘F’ zatna, leh a dangdang ah. “Nupi” chih “Numei” chihna in kizang hi. Pasal nei, ta neisa-te pen “Nupi” kichi hi. Dapzal pau ah “Kh” awgin (sound) pen “H” a akikhek ton om hi. Etsakna: Inhangte (Inkhangte). “Malta” chih Dapzal pau ah “Thaksik” kichi a Tedim pau ah “Zasan” kichi hi.
Gam tuamtuam a pau khat sung ngei a variety hong piangte leh a lama a khua a pauzat kibang loute pen pau tuam mawng suak ding khop a kikaatna ahi kei hi. Nidanglai a khua leh khua leng kikawmtuahna leh kithuzakna hoihtak ana om nai louh lai a pau pen ana tuam pian tam deuh a theih ahi hi. Himahleh tu chiang in bel kithuzaktuahna hoihtak omta a, theihna siamna a mite hong khangtou hiaihiai ahihman in tua local dialect leh variation (localism) hong bei hiaihiai ding ahi chih pau suisiamte (linguists) muhdan ahi. Pau khat sung a local dialect-te kigamla deuhdeuh mawk le uh bel a tawp a pau tuampi suak thei uh ahi chih ahi. Pau i chih “paukhiak” (spoken language) genna hi deuh hi. Pauzat kibangloute pen Spoken pau a piang tampen ahi hi. Himahleh a gelhkhiak (written), lai Pau (literary language) ah bel khobing pau hiam pan kiphuaktawmte akizang kei a pau hoih leh pau zat tangpi deuh a kitheite kizang hi.
Pau dang ah etsakna di’n English Pau la nawn le hang England gam sung ngei ah leng, Scottish, Irish, Northern Midland, London leh Southern dialect tuamtuarn a om chih ahi. Himahleh tua local dialect-te khaikhawm a pau dik leh pau hoih a kithei “standard English” khat a nei uhi. Ei pau khawng ah leng i lai (literature) ah Paite pau a kizangtangpi, pau Labute a kizang pen “Standard Paite” chih theih ahi.
PILVANHUAI
Pau kichi kepbit ahihkeileh mang thei ahi. Leitung a paute lak a hoihtak a a gelhthoh (written) a kep hilou paute (pau tengteng a 50% khawng) tuban kum 100 sung a mang (extinct) ding ahi chih linguist-te’n gen uhi. Leitung a pau 7,1.18 omte lak ah 65 kia mi 10,000,000 sang a tamzawte’n a zat uh ahi kichi hi. A zang mi 50 khawng lel pha pau 65 om a, pau 416 te chimang dekta uh chih ahi. Pau khatpeuh a man louhna ding in tua pau zang 1,00,000 khawng beek a phak poimoh ahi chih hi nawn hi.
Tua ahihman in ei pau bang leng hoihtak a kepbit i tup keileh kikhen-nen gawp a mang thei ahi. I teenna gam leh i teenna khua a tuam dungzui a i pau zatdan leh aw-kaih a tuam zek ziak khawng a midang-sadang kisa a i kimituam bawl khak zenzen leh i pau phet leng hilou a i minam kisiatna hon tun ding ahi. “Inn gua hah lou a gam gua hah” chih paunak zaw i minam sung genna hi peuhmah lou hi. Eimah pau i hah leh gamgua hah hilou in inn gua hah ihi!
PAU KHANG IN KIKHEK-TOU ZEL DING
Pau i chih thil hing ahihman in hun pai zel bang in khang in kikhek tou den hi. I pau a om khaloute leh i pau a phuahkhiak i sawm louh ziak a pau dang i laksawnte (loan words/dia-lectal borrowing) ziak in pau ah polam kikhekna (external change) piang hi. Tua ban ah thumal a behlap hiam paihkhiak neih ziak bang, thumal phuahkhiak thak ziak bang in i pau sunglam ah kikhekna ziak bang, in i pau sunglam ah kikhekna (internal change) piang zel hi. Etsakna di’n pau dang i lak khenkhat: fang (kholai fang, bial fang), fel (mi fel/mi kizen), changkang (khosathei/ kicheithei), marup (sumlawm), suti (khawlni/holiday), nalh (hoih/kilawm), lengkhawm (pawtkhawm a lasakhawm), second-hand puan/van, chini, sahbon, leh a dangdang i pau a kibehlap, i pau a laklut hita chih theih hi. Himahleh kholak pau a i zat informal pau leh slang-te khenkhat bel Pau hoih, pau kilawm a pom theih chiah nai louh pawl om hi. Etsakna: Kannalou (phatuamlou), Kahase (koi lak ah, hi thei ken teh/ hi kei, chihna), nguar ang (hi peuhmah kenteh, chihna). Hiaite bang leng sawtpi a hong kizat chiang a pau hoih a pom hong hi thei khamoh lou ding ahi.
I pau original tak ah “R” leh “F” zatna ana om kei mahleh i pau hong kibehlap touh zek chiang in R leh F zatna i hon nei panpanta hi. Tu in leng Result, Radio, X-Ray, Radar, Rate, Inverter, Fridge, Fuh, Fang, Recording chih leh a dangdang i zang hi.
Kholak pau ah kia hiam bek chihna in “chauh” chih Lamka khopi sung khawng ah kizang mahmah hi. Tua ban ah, Tedim Chin a om lou, eilam a i zat khenkhat tuh/chuh, -tu (gelhtu/dawngtu), chihte leng India lam a Paite pau variety a tel/kihel ahi.
PAU SIANG, PAU DIK
I pau sung a variety hiam local dialect-te khat kia pau dik, pua siang mawng ahi i chi thei kei hi. I khobing pau leh pau i phuahtawm tuam pian law deuhte i nawlkhin a, pau dik leh pau hoih i kikop vek theih pen i letkip kul hi. Thutak (serius) deuh leh thu dik thu hoih genna leh gelhna ding a zat theih pau kilawm leh pau hoih a kithei tangpite formal language leh literary language (lai pau) pen i pau i kepbitna ding a kul ahi chih manngilh kei ni hang. Gentehna di’n khobing pau leh slang “adu” hiam “chi leuhtel”, “dahmawk tel hang”, “peuhset” chihte kamsiam tak leh serious tak a thu genna leh i Bible khawng ah zat theih hilou hi. Zang ta le hang nuihzathuai suak ding hi.
I LAIGELH DAN
I gam a Khristian sahkhua hong lut tung lai in lai gelh theih, sim theih poimoh ahihmari in Missionary-te’n Roman Script la in laimal (alphabet) honna bawlsak uhi. Presbyterian leh Welsh Mission lam a te’n Khasite leh Luseite lak ah laimal lepthak A, AW, B, CH chih honna bawlsak uhi. Himahleh Baptist Mission lamte’n Roman Script a laimal 26te mah honna zuihpih in Chin State leh Manipur mal lam ah A, B, C, honna zatpih uhi. Khenkhatte muhdan in Baptist Missionary-te pen mi laisiam mahmah ana hihman un i pau gelh ding a A, B, C mah honna setpih uh maban ding sau ana mukhawl zaw houh a di uam chih ahi.
A, Aw, B, CH chi a lepthak laimal (alphabeth) zang in hun paisate ah lai ina gelh a, i Bible leh labute leng tua tua alphabet zang in ana kisunta hi. Tuma kum 1982 in Burma lam a i unaute toh laigelhdan kibang zui a kinaih zawksemna a om theihna ding deihna leh ngiimna in Paite Literature Society leh huai lam a Lai Sai Pawite’n Roman Script a laimalte a vek mah a zat ding ana kithukim uhi. A, AW, B i na neih pen a hoih kei chihna hilou in i laimal zatdan etthak a, i laigelhdan puahphat hi zaw hi.
Huchiin PLS (Paite Lai Saipawl) in school leh college a sin/ tawi ding textbook-te tua Lai gelhdan hoih zaw leh kituahhuai zaw sem zat ding deihna in A, B, C laimalte mah zang in ana sunkhia in ana suahkhe ta hi.
I pau gelhkhiakdan hoihzaw leh kituak (consistent) zaw ding toh kisai a PLS in Laigelhdan a hon puakkhiakte lak a poimoh diak tamlou i gen diing.
I Pau gelhna ding in “J” kullou hi. I pau a ‘J’ zatna ding te a “Z” zat a, pau dang a `J’ kizatnate i gelh chiang a bel ‘J’ mah zat ding ahi. Etsakna: Zan, zua, zuau, zu, zun, ziak, zin, June, Jeep, John. Huchi hileh `Jl’ eh ‘Z’ te koi a zat ding a de aw, chi a i lungbuaina sek pen a bei mai ding.
“0” leh “AW” : ‘0’ pen o tom ging a hia, `Aw’ pen a saugin ahi hi. Etsakna : Dong, Dawng, Lom, Lawm, Long, Lawng. 0 leh AW i zat kokalh khak chia’n a buaihuai hi.
“0” leh “Ou” : Simlam a i unaute’n Ou omsaklou in 0 a zang ua, hiai san ah i zatdan akibang thei nai kei hi. Topa – Toupa; Lo- Lou; Zomi – -Zoumi. Eilam ah Ou pen i Bible leh labute leh i laibute at i na zang tou den hi.
“0” leh “H” (Glottal stop) : “0” chih aw – tomgin ahi a, ‘H’ glot-tal stop in a zuih ding leh ‘Oh’ hi ding ahi. Himahleh laigelhtu khenkhatte’n `Oh’ chia gelh ‘Ouh’ dan a sim khelh khak theih ahi chi in Mawh, Lawh, Zawh, chi in ‘awh’ akizuisak uhi. Ahihhang in, ‘0’ pen ‘Ou’ bang a sim lou a aw-tomgin a sim i hi a, huchi ahih ngalleh ‘0’ pen ‘Ou’ dan a simkhelh chih om thei ding hilou hi. Huaiziak in ‘Oh’ chi lou a `Awh chih kullou suak hi. ‘0’ pen aw-tomgin ahi i chih toh kituak (consistent) theilou suak hi.
I Bible kisunthakte leh laibu tunai a kisuah khenkhat ah ‘awh’ a hong kizang a, tua pen diklou ahi chi in ka gense kei a, himahleh zatdan consistent zawte i zon touh zel poimoh hi’n alang.
[Agelhpa: Pa M. Nguldoukhup in kum 1983 in M.A. (English & Linguistics) ana zou a, Wagoi Higher Secondary School, Imphal West ah English Lecturer na a sem hi. Lai a lunglut mi ahi a, Class XI & XII akitawi Paite Pau Grammar gelhtu leng ahi. Siamsinpawlpi, Imphal Block ah Advisor khat ahi. Paite Lai Saipawl (PLS) Board of Directors a member ahi.]
