GALILEO
(1564 – 1642 AD)
Agelh ~ Timothy Simon Pau
June 22, 1633 ni zingsang lam in puteek khat, Rome khuapi sung ah a om Minerva Convent khankhat sung ah Catholic biakna thukhen na mun (inquisition) mai ah kiding sak hi. Mawhna pulak na lahna ding in, sai ip pi silh in, mai kangdingdeeng, lau lua kisa aa aling keuhkeuh kawm sa in Cadinal pawl (Catholic biakna ah thuneisangpen, Pope atel thei) maitang pen, zahtaak maipua kawmsa in hong en gialgial hi. Bang dan thukhen na hongpia uh tammaw? cih thu bekbek ngaihsut in hong nei hi. Inndei sungpan in mikhat hong paikhia aa, aw hoih kholmel lo khat tawh:-
“Lungsim siangtho tak tawh, up na manlo asan khialh na leh biakna sung ah lungsim hoihlo aneih khempeuh paai khia in, a na hih khialh khempeuh asamsiat ding aa leh amawh na kimaisak ding hi. Tuaban ah hih thukhen nazum pan in mawh maisakna akipiak theih nading in, akituak khop khat hunsung thonginn sung ah kikhum ding” ci hi.
Inndei khansung pen hong daidedu kik vat hi. Pu teek ahehpih huai mahmah pa pen thukhen mangte mai ah khukdin in, thuhilh na man lo agenkhiat nawnloh na ding in akiciam khit ciang in, tunglam pan huh nazong ngen pah hi.
Thukhen zumsung ah tua Puteek thu akisit na ahang pen “Leitung in Ni kimkot in pai hi” cih a upna, upna manlo aneih hang ahi hi. Tualai mun ah, akhut lingkeuhkeuh kawm sa in, akhialh na bawlpha ding in amin kigelh sak ta hi. Thukhen na kizo khin ta in, Cardinal pawlzong atut na uhpan un, hong ding khia to ta uh aa, Pu teek, amawh na hang aa akisik kik pazong inndei sungpan in hong ki pai khiat pih ta hi. A paikhiat kawmkawm mah in “Eppur si muove” ci veve hi. Eppur si muove akhiat na pen “ahih hang in akiimkot khawltuan kei” cih na ahi hi. Tua Pu teek ahehpih huai mahmah pa pen “Galileo Galilei” hi aa, Science lam mipil minthang, nathak muhkhiat na lam ah kongkhak hong pa leh vanlam thutawhkisai asin den mithupi khat ahi hi.
Galileo pen February 15, 1564 kum in Italy gam, Pisa khua ah hong piang khia hi. A pa Vincenzo Galilei pen, tumging (music) tumsiam hi in, philosopher zong ahi hi. Kum 1574 takciang in Florence kiang aa om Vallombrosa khua ah hong pem (tai) uh aa, a neulai in hih khua ah sangkah den hi. Kum 1581 takciang in zatui lam sinding in Pisa University Sang ah amin hongpia hi. A hih hang in, Euclid’ laibu gelh asimtak ciang in alungsim khoih mahmah hi. Zatui sin ding hong khawl in geometry hong sin in, Archimedes thugelh te, Aristotle Philosophy te thu hilh te hong sin toto hi.
Akum 18 bek ahih hangin, Aristotle’ thu hilhna pawlkhat te maan taktak lo hi cih hongmu khia hi. Aristotle nungzui te kiang ah, ahuat theih ding liang in gensia thei zel hi. Theisiam zo lo uh ahih manin etcian na zong neihpih ding in zawn den hi.
Kum 1583 takciang in Pisa biakinnpi sung aa akikhai khuaimeivak akikhen amuh napan in gamla taka a akikhen ahi aa naino cik aa akikhen ahi zongin, ahun zatdan kilamdang tuanlo hi cih hong theikhia hi. Nai lianpi(clock), Pendulum Clock bawlna ding in kizangthei khading hi cih um mawh hi. Hih pan kipan in “hydrostatic balance” tawh kisai nasep hong pan khia ta hi. Ahih hangin Galileo’ uuk pen tenchia(mathematics) ahi hi. Kum 1588 hongtun takciang in Pisa University Sang ah tenchia (Mathematics) siapi (Professor) ding in ki la hi. Hih Sang ah a nasep sung in ataktak aa sepkhiat nasep na hong nei hi. (A taktak aa nasepna pen experiment ci uh ahih manin ‘experiment’ ci-in hong gelh ning)
Bang ahi hiam experiment a nasep icih? Aristotle’ thuhilh na, azom toto te in, ‘na van nih leiah khiasuk leng azaang zaw sang in agik zaw pen leilak ah tusuk masa zaw ding hi’ cih pen thuman thutak in sang uhhi. Hih thupen ih mipil pa philosopher naupang pa in nuihsan ziau hi. Amah in pen ‘na van nih akibang leiah khia suk khawm leng azaang zaw hi ta leh agik zaw hi ta leh kilam dan na nei lo in, akibang in leiah a tuksuk kibang lian hi’ ci hi.
Tuatak ciang in Aristotle’ thu hilh na apom thei, mi minthang deuhdeuh pawlkhat kaikhawm in thuman thutak amanzaw muhsak theihsak hong sawm hi. A mau anuihsan lam uh atheih khak loh na ding in kimai gum sak kawm in Pisa inn thatsang mahmah tung khat ah kahtoh pih in, inntung dawn pan in na van akibang nih (suang tum agol khawllo zong hithei) agih na akibang lian lo nih pen akibang lian in lei lak ah hong khia suk uhhi. Tua na van nih akhiat suk te gel pen lei lak atuksuk uh kibang lian pen, amah langdonuam ten zong mu uhhi. Ki gualzo sak mahmah in inntung khumzaangpan in hong tuak suk in, amah alangpan nuam pawlte pen nuihsan kawmsa in ciamnuih bawl hi. Ahih hangin amah alangdo pawl Aristotle nungzui te in ahangkhat om ding hi ci in ummawh uh ahih manin umzo tuan lo uhhi. Bangbang ahi zongin Physics (science pengkhat) pilna khat hong mu khia uh hi phot hi.
Galileo agualzawh zenzen hang in, Florence pan in alangdo pawlte’ hawlkhiat na thuaklawh hi. Padua khua ah hong pai in, Kum 1592 takciang in Padua University Professor na sep kipia kik leuleu hi. Hih hunlai tak in Europe gam khuamualpi sung ah minthang khinmahmah ta hi.
Kum 1604 pan kipan in vantung aa om aksi lam pilna (astronomy) tawhkisai hong uuk mahmah hi. Vantunglam tawhkisai akan, asin te in Aksi khat hong mu khia uhhi. Pawlkhat in mualmawng meeikaai maimai hi ci in, pawlkhat in Aksi taktak mah hi ci in, pawlkhat leuleu in acih na ding theituan lo uhhi.
Nikhat pen, a laisin sakna khansung ah, mualmawng meeikaai hilo in, Aksi taktak ahihna thu gencian hong sawm ta hi. Innsung ah midim vaal, kita lo ahih manin inntual zaang ah thugen na nei liang hi ci hi.
Galileo in set lam vante, atangthei van te, vantung kikhel dante, na ging leh aw gingte, khuavak leh na mel (light and colour) te tawhkisai thu, kancian in, hong gelh khia aa, laibu khat hong bawl khia hi. Hih alaibu a bawl nahang in science lamtawh kisai pilna lam hong khangto sak tuam mahmah hi.
Kum 1609 takciang in, tua hunlai leitung alokzo ding na, van khat hong bawlkhia hi. Tuakum in khua akimuh siang theih na, agam la aa aom van khat anai nocik aa muhtheih na maanbilu (lens) hong bawl khia hi. A sinna (test) hong nei in, adeihdan bangzo taktak salo ahih manin, bawlsia kik in adang bawlpha kik zelhi. A tawptawp na ah ngaihsut na khat hong nei khia ta hi. Maan nih, khat pen amai puak leh akhat pen amai akom, hong zang in sintaktak na (experiment) hong nei kik hi. Daalsiikzang in pipe hong bawl in, tua maan te pen amongkhat ah khat koih in, among lehlam ah zong khat hong koih in, khua et na ding in hongzang ta hi. Nahoih mahmah athupi mahmah hong mu khia ta hi. Tuatak ciang in agamla et theihna, vantung et theihna “telescope” hong piang khia ahi hi.
Hih ana bawl van thupi mahmah hong pua in Venice khuapi lam hong zuan hi. Italy gam thunei te “Senate” te kiang ah hong ap hi. Gam maikaite zong hong lungkim thei mahmah uh hi. A damsung teng Padua University Professor nasep kipia pah hi. Tuabek hilo, akhasum zong Italy sum(florin) 520 pan in 1000 ah khan tohsak hi.
Galileo’ na muhtheih na telescope thakpen mikhempeuh in genbel in hong nei ta uh aa, mi in hong mu nuam in, en nuam in nisim phial in mitampi tak a inn ah hong pai den uh hi. Padua khuapi in, amawlsak ahaisak zo liang uh himai hi. Nikhat pen alawmpa St Mark inntung khumzaang pan in vanlam en ding in, telescope hong pua sim hi. Tual lai zaang ah hong pai laitak mikhat in na mu khacitciat sese hi. A en sin nuam mitam mahmah ahih manin, vantung lam a etding nai(6)sung zekai tuam pah hi.
Galileo in zong telescope thak ahoih zaw leh a nasia zaw khat hongbawl khia kik leuleu hi. Tua in ah vandawn lam sin theihna lampi hong, hong khia ta hi.Tuahun lai tak in, hih a na bawlthak pen a buaina bulpi akipat na a hiding in kua mah in thei kha khollo ding uhhi. Mite in bangmah in thupi simsak selo in koihpeuh uhhi. Khapi tung ah, mual leh guam tampitak om hi cih hong mu khia hi. A innsung kiu khat ah khankhat(room) bawl in tuamun pan in vantung khempeuh leh aksi te hong en kawikawi den in, nuamsa mahmah in lungnuam thei mahmah hi. Vantung ah na lamdang tuamtuam te hong muhbehbeh in, Aksi tampi tak, mite in amuh ngeiloh uh zong hong mu khia hi. Jupiter Aksi pi in, amah akiimkot (khapi bangmah) li tak nei hi cih te, Saturn pen zungbuh bangdan aa abem khat in tuamhi cih te hong mukhia hi.
A na muhkhiat thakte lai in hong ciamteh den hi. Ahih hangin mitampi tak in upsak thei tuanlo hi. Tuahang in amah alangpan mizong tam mahmah hi. Kum 1611 takciang in Rome khuapi ah hongpai in, pahtawina letsong hongsang hi. Tuahun laitak in amah alangpan lua omkhollo in, Ukpi te leh cardinal te in, amah nohset (khunlen) dingin hong pai ziahziah uhhi. A telescope a bawlthak, ahoihpenpen pen Rome khuapi ah hong pua in, mitam pitak in hong en uh hi.
Galileo pen thu maan thutak adeihngiat mi khat hi aa, ahih hangin, kam nem azangthei lo khat hi citciat hi. Tua hangin ama thu aselding aa hong pai te pen, ama tung ah a lungkim om khollo in, alangpang mi hong suaksak zel kha hi.
Hun hong pai pai takciang in, biakna lam te leh Galileo te kikal buaina khat hong piang khia hi. Bang buaina hipeuh mah ding ai hia le? Galileo in, “Ni pen aom na mun ah tangvetlo in om den aa, ih tenna leitang ahih leh tang in, Ni kiim kot hi” cih thu ahilhna ahi hi.Hih thu hilhna pen heliocentric theory ci uhhi. Tualai tak hun in tualsung mipi te in, thu maan ding aa a santheih a up uhpen, Ptolemy’ thuhilh na ahi, “Leitung pen a omna mun ah omden in tangvet lo aa, nadang, aksi pawl ahi leh amau paina lampi tek tawn in ki veivei uhhi” cih thu ahi hi.
Galileo’ thuhilhna (heliocentric theory) bangdan pen Poland gam aa a om tenchia (Mathematician) asiam mikhat, Copernicus acih pa in, tu ma lam deuh in na sinkhin hi. Ahih hangin Copernicus (Kawpanikas) in tetti(witness) ding bang mah neilo hi. Galileo in ahih leh bel Jupiter akiimkot aksi neuzaw li tak om hi cih thute, Ni sung ah avom khat atangtang om hi cih thu te a muhkhiat na hang leh Jupiter mahmah zong tang in, pai kawikawi hi cih thute, amuh khiat dimdiam na hangin, ih tenna leitung zong nisim in kipeipei in, paina lampi khat nei in apai pai na thu te a ma upna lian bangin sansiam theih ding in hong pholaak khia thei hi.
Galileo pen agensia mitampi tak hong om hi. Ptolemy’ genthu a um te pawl in, Galileo pen Pasian thusiangtho ahi laisiangtho tawh kilehbulh ding in mawhsak uh hi. Laisiangtho tawh a mawhsak na ding uh aa atelkhiat akilang phadeuh deuh pawlkhat te pen – Joshua 10:13 “Tuaciang in hih minam te in a galte uh a zawh khit mateng ni dingcipin kha a khawl hi.” cih leh Thuhilhna 1:4-5 “Khang khat bei-in khang khat hong tung a, ahi zongin leitung kibangbang niloh hi. Ni hong suakin ni tum a, a suakkik dingin tumzel hi.” cih te tawh mawhmat uhhi.
Hihtawh kisai kinial na hong sang kahsemsem in, Kum1615 takciang in Pope Paul V in zong Galileo pen tawnbawlna, thupiak na khat lai khak hi. A maikum takciang in Pope thukhen na nuai ah, Pasian thusiam, thuthei te in, “Ni pen tangvetlo, kihei vetlo in vantung huihlak ah om aa, Leitung ahih leh, nikhat in khatvei ki pei hi.” cih thuhilh na pen “Up na maan lo (heretical), Pasian thu tawh kileh bulh hi” ci in thukhen na hong bawl khia ta uhhi. Galileo zong, ngaihsut na maan lo aneih loh ding, mi dang ahilh loh ding leh athu limlim zong apom vetloh na ding in zong, thu hongpia uhhi.
Galileo zong vanlam et nasep asep kawm in daitak in hong om dide hi. Kum 16 hun hong pai khit, kum 1632 tak teh laibu thupi mahmah “The Dialogue of the Two Principal Systems of the World” cih laibu hong bawl khia hi. Zopau in “Leitung paidan nam nih tawh kisai thu kikupna” ci in ki genthei mai in teh. Hih laibu pi in mite lungsim lawngthei mahmah hi. Hih laibu pi pen Science lamtawh kisai hilhcian na ahih mahbang in, ki telbaih, a gelhdan hoihin nungta mahmah hi. Kum 1616 takciang in a up dan kipaihkhiat sak in, a thu kham uh zuilo in lehdo hi cih pen kician mahmah hi. Pope Urban VIII zong a thupi sim loh na tawh hong kibang hi.
Mite in, biakna makai te lungsim bangdan hi lo ahih manin hehsak kha ngelngel ding hicih hong um pah lel uhhi. A up mah bang un kum1633, February kha takciang in biakna thukhen na mun (inquisition) mai ah thu kisit ding in kisam hi. Pu teek ahih khit nate, adam melloh thu te gen in paulap hong zon sawm hangin, alohtheihloh(force) tawh kisam veve hi. Hih tungin pen mawhsak na thuki khen nai lo aa, Jun 16 ni takciang in, mawhsak na daan kipia pan hi. June 22 ni takciang in atung aa thuki khen na tawh kisai mawhsak na thu hongsim khia uhhi. Copernicus thu ahilh na leh a thu muh te um in midang ahilh ding in ki mawhsak hi. Thongsung ah kikhum dingin thuki khensak hi mah leh Pope in, Florence kiang aa om gamneu khat ahi Arcetri mun aa innsung ah kikhumcip (house arrest) ding in na gelkholhsak khin ahih manin, Pope gelsa om mah bang in daan kipia ta hi.
A om na innsung ah a na sin te hongzom to veve hi. Kum 1636 takciang in, alaibu gelh minthang mahmah ahi “Science thu thak tawh kisai kikup khop na” cih thu hong gelh khia zo hi. Kum 1637 tak ciang in a na et na (telescope) tawh a nunung pen a na muh khiat ahi Khapi om dan (Moons libration) hong mu khia leuleu hi. Hi khit asawt lo takciang in amit in khua hong mu thei nawnlo hi. A lawmpa kiang ah a laikhak khat sung ah, “Kibawl kik theihloh zahdong in ka mit in khua mu thei nawnlo ahih manin, leitung leh vantung et na, azah tampi tak in ka bawl pen, kei aa ding in khuazing hi ta hi. Ahih hangin, hih hang in Pasian lungkim in, keizong hong lungdam sak hi” ci hi.
Hih Italian minam Scientist mi thupi pa pen January 8, 1642 kum, amah kum(78) acin kum in hong si ta hi. Science siamna lam ah makai thupi, vantung lam sin na tawhkisai lampi ahong pa in, a mangngei lo ding amin nu sia in, athupi gam, Aksi khen pekpek aa aom gamnuam ah hong paisan ta hi. A sih akipan kum(15) acintak ciang in, Huygen in Pendulum Clock naipi hong bawlkhia hi. Hih naipi pen mipil Galileo’ muhkhiat science pilna tungtawn pan aa akibawl khia hi aa, asih khit na ngawn in, leitung aa ding nahoih hong piakhia zo veve khat ahi hi.
