Lai gelh le thu i gen ciangin…
Agelh~ Khansuan T. Guite
Lai gelhsiam te lai gelh i sim ciangin a sung om thute in hong zo thei mahmah ahih manin khat veivei i nuih suak in, khat vei leh i kah suak thei hi. Khat veivei thuhoih thupha om in nuntak pih ding a om bangin, khat veivei a thu bek a theih ding pawlkhat om hi. Lai pawlkhat in a piang taktak (facts) bul phuh a kigelh a om bangin, lai pawlkhat leuleu pen lungngaihna leh muhna (opinions and views) tawh kigelh om thei hi. Pawlkhat pen a beisa thute (history) kiciaptehna tawh kigelh om a, pawlkhat pen phuahtawm bulphuh a kigelh om hi.
Laibu pawlkhat sunga kigelh thute leh a kigen thu pawlkhat pen hiam mahmah ahih manin midangte nuntakna kikhek sak zo ding zah in bun hi. Thu gensiam mite’ thu gen in zong mi nuntakna kheksak zo hi. Tua hi a, midang khat nuntakna a kikhel sak zo ding thu gen, lai gelhna nahih manin mite uptheih ding, san theih ding deihna bek tawh thuman lo leh phuah tawm bulphuh a thu gen, laigelhna pen kidop huai mahmah hi.
Fallacies (Thudik kimciang) tawh thu gen pen thu khinkhai tektek masa lo mite a dingin thu manlo pi meilet a, upkhialh theihding bulphuh a kigen ahih bangmah in, mipawlkhat a dingin up baih leh san baih zaw lai thei hi. Ahi zongin thu khinkhai mi leh pilna nei mite muhna thu dik kimciang tawh thu gen pen thu laigil kician omlo a phuahtawm thu tawh deihna genna bang bek ahih manin up leh san ding in hamsa hi. Fallacies (thu dik kimciang) zangin thu genna leh lai gelhna pen i nisim nuntakna ah kilim zat mahmah ahih manin pilvang ding kisam hi. Midangte in ei deihna hong thukimpih ding a ut vive i hih manin Fallaciies (thu dik kimciang) zang a thu gen/ laigelhna pen kitam zat mahmah hi. Gentehna in, nisim a kizang laihawm tuamtuam, nisim thu kizakna, advertisement leh laibu tuamtuam te ah zong kilim zat mahmah. A up tak leh a muan huai ding thu genna, lai gelhna i neih theihna dingin a kidop huai thu pawlkhat a nuai ah i pulak hi.
1. Hasty Generalization (Hoplop thu khensatna)
Khiatna/zatna: Mi pawlkhat (or) thu khenkhat bek bulphuh in, a kicing zolo tehkakna (sample) bek tungtawn in thu khensatna hi. A mah pen tua bang mi, hihbang mel le puam pua nei mi ahih manin a mah tawh kibang mi khempeuh a ma lungsim pua ding leh a ma gamtatna bangin gamta ding uhhi cih ziauna ahi hi. Hih bang a thu khupna bawlna pen gim neihna (Stereotype) neihna bulphuh ahi hi. Gentehna in, mihau tampi sung panin khat le nih kiliat sak manin mi haute pen kipha sak hi cih tawh thu khupna namte ahi hi. Tua ban-ah tua pa/nu pen gilo lua ahih manin a mau tanau/ beh le phung khempeuh gilo ding hi cih tawh thukhupna bawl in, mibup huamsak nopna ahi hi. Mihau khat leh nih kiliat sakna hang leh mi khat leh nih gitlohna hang tawh a mau beh leh phung khempeuh tua bang ding a muhna tawh thu khupna pen kicing zolo hi.
2. Missing the point (Thu kawng hei khiatna)
Khiatna/ zatna: Deihna tunna ding genna ah thu khensatna bawl theihna dingin thu gen mi (or) laigelh mi deihna tawh kituak lo a thu kawng hei khiat sak in, thukhupna ahi hi. Thusun (X) in thukhupna bawlna dingin a kicing a genciatna om mah tase leh thusun (Y) tawh thukhupna bawl cih bang dan ahi hi. Deihna khatpeuh nei a, thu gen leh laigelh tak ciangin mite san theih ding deih luatna tawh a piang thute i genna tungtawn panin, tua gentehna zui a thu kawng hei a thukhupna bawlna ahi hi. Gentehna in khua sung ah Guitar band te pen Palik te’n cing in veng den uh ahih manin, a mau sung pan mi khatpeuh in khialhna nei hi ding cih dan hi. Palik te a venna pen Guitar bank te bitna ding hi a, nakgen lua liang ahih manin a hoihlo lam in a deihna taktak pen nawlkhin sakna hi. A dang gentehna khat leuleu ah, hih zatui pen Siavuan te’n nak zatlua ahih manin lau huai hi; tua a hih teh tua zatui pen khamm (illegal) ding kilawm hi cih bang a, zatui’ hoihna lam genna pan zatui in mi a siatsak theih ding lam deih kaihna tawh thu khupna bawlna ahi hi.
3. Post Hoc or False Cause (A hang manlo paulap zonna)
Khiatna/ Zatna: Thu piang nih pen a kizom in piang hi. Thupiang khat a pian khit ciangin thudang khat piang lian ahih manin tua a piang thu pen a piang masa hang hi, cih tawh thukhupna bawlna ahi hi. Thu piang (X) a piang khit teh thupiang (Y) in a kizom in piang pah ahih manin thupiang (Y) pen thupiang (X) hang a piang hi ci a khiatna ahi hi. Gentehna in mi khat in ciamnuih a bawl ciangin mi pawlkhat demdem ahih manin kamsiatna a tuah tak ciangin, a ciamnuih bawlna a, a mi demdem hang hi cih ngawhna ahi hi. Gentehna dang khat ah bawlung team a kihel mite pen Volleyball team a kihel mite sangin laivuanna ah mi tam in ong zaw ahih manin bawlung kimawl na in pilna hong pia zaw hi cih dan tawh khupna bawlna ahi hi. Thankik si zong paulap beilo a cih bangin, thu hoih thu sia khat a piang ciangin a hang manlo paulak khatpeuh tawh thukhupna bawlna ahi hi.
4. Slippery Slope (Paulap zonna)
Khiatna/Zatna: A neuno khat kikhelna, sepna leh seplohna paulap in siatna lianpi tung sak ding hi cih tawh thukhupna bawlna hi. A kipat tungna a hi (A pan) a i khel pah leh a tawpna ah (Z dong) hong kheksuak ding ahih manin (A pen) khek huai/lo hi cih dan hi. Ciamnuihna ah kigen a hi “hon ci pheiphei…” cih dan a, a pheiphei ding launa ahi hi. Thubuai khat a pian tak ciangin tua thu buai pen vengsak ding sangin tua thubuai pan in thu dang khat a pian ding cih tawh laih in behlap gawpna ahi hi. Ahi zongin tua bang thu hoihlo te piang ding cih kiciang sinsen a gen theih a hih loh hangin mite in lungsim lakna dingin a thu golsak gawpna dan hi. Gentehna in nu le nu, pa le pa kiten sak ding phalna i piak le a tawptawp ciangin mihingte in a ma pianna nu/pa leh ganhingte na ngawn tawh kitenna ding phalsak kul ding hi cih dan a liat sak gawpna ahi hi. Nu leh nu kitenna, pa leh pa kitenna a hoih lohna gen ding sangin a kisai kilkello thu laklut a thu golsakna ahi hi.
5. False Dilemma: (Lak khialhna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Buaina khat peuh a ven theihna dingin lampi nih bek tel theih ding om hi cih dan a lakna ahi hi. Tua dan hi leh leh tua bang piang ding ahih manin sia huai zaw lai ding hi cihna tawh thu sunna ahi hi. Gentehna in Zomi te sungah biakna Saptuam or pawlpi/ kipawlna tuamtuam tampi a omna pen hoihsakna gen lua zaw in “zu sai, leh kham theih sai” khawng tampi a pian sangin hoih zaw hi cih tawh thu genna ahi hi. A taktak in Saptuam tampi piang ta kei leh Zomi te’n zu sai hong ngeingai ding cihna hi peuh mah lo a, Saptuam a pian loh hangin Zu sai zong om tuanlo thei lai hi. Saptuam tampi a om man a Zu sai a omlo dan a genna hi a, mite lungsim hei pakna ahi hi.
6. Ad hominem attack: (Mimal dona)
Khiatna/Zatna: Thu le la genna ah, a thu sangin a mimal a langdona, kapna ahi hi. A thusun pen gen khalo in a mimal in nuntakna leh innkuan vai peuh tawh demna leh kona ahi hi. Mikhat in thu leh la gen leh, tua mi pen a beisa nuntakna (a zawnna, a hauhna, a mawlna leh a hoihlohna) tawh gen khawm in thu zawh sawmna thu genna ahi hi. Gentehna in Zomi te sungah Pasian thu a um thak mi khat in Lungdamna thu (Gospel) gen ding a kipat ciangin tua nu/tua pa te khawng a beisa in tua bang mi hi, tua ci gamtat hi cih tawh mimal dona leh kona tawh langpanna hi a, Lungdamna thu (Gospel) vai ah bang ci gen, a man leh a manloh et kak ding don nawnlo hi. Khua le tui a ding gelna hoih nei khat in nasep a kipat sawm ciangin a ma’ gelna etsak masa lo pi in, tua mi pa/ mi nu te khong “tua ci, kha ci” cih tawh a nasepna sangin a mimal kapna tawh do dalna ahi hi.
7. Bandwagon: (Huu zaapna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Mi a tam zaw in zong hoih sa leh mipi te huzapna hang pen a man dang a sanna ahi hi. Mipi huzapna hangin a thu paipi leh a om thu en nawnlo in mipi te cih bangbang tawh mansakna ahi hi. Hun khat lai in mipi in leitung pen a peek (flat) hi ci’n sang ahih manin, thu man bangin kisang a, leitung beem (round) hi a ci masa pen na ngawn kithat liang hi. A taktak in leitung pen peek (flat) hi a ci mi a tam zawk hangin leitung pen na peek (flat) tuan peuhmah lo hi. Na beem (round) veve hi. Mi tampi tak in sang thei ahih manin “hih thu pen a man hi” cih tawh thu gen sawmna ahi hi. Thu man (truth) leh a piang thu (facts) pen mi tawm leh tam tawh kisai hetlo a hih na gen khaklohna ahi hi.
8. Appeal to authority: (Thu neite paulapna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Milian le thu nei mite’ min le zaa zang a, a maute thu gen siksan a thu genna ahi hi. A mah pen Hausa hi, amah pen Kumpi ulian hi, a mah pen Sia hi cih minlo a, a ma deihna khat a kizop theihna ding gen na hi. Gentehna in biakna Sia pa pen Laisiangtho lam ah Doctoral Degree ngah ahih manin hih thu ciangciang tel mahmah ding hi cih sandan ahi hi. Tua bang mah in zong a mah pen University ah Doctoral Degree ngah in Professor ahih teh biakna thu ciangciang tel mahmah ding hi cih sandan zong hi kawikawi hi. A mau thusin leh siamna tawh kisai et ding sang sik in, a mau hihna khat pum paulap in deihna tunna ding gelna ahi hi. Zato siavuan khat in innsung van sia khat puah dan ding a theilo thei a hih lam kiphawk sak nuamlo hi. Milian leh thu nei khat a hih nak leh na khempeuh a ma gen pen a man pen ding a sanna ahi hi.
9. Appeal to emotion: (Lungsim lawnsakna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Haksatna leh thuakna te nakpi tak a uanggen in thu laigil nawlkhinna ahi hi. Mite in i thugen a san theihna ding deihna tak tawh mimal’ thuakna leh haksatna te liatsak luatna a thu genna hi a, thu tak leh thu laigil pan mipi te in lampial in a kigen thu bek tungah lungsim piak ding deihna ahi hi. Gentehna in Pasian nasem khat in Pasian thu gen dingin mipi mai ah a din hun tak ciangin Lungdamna thu (Gospel) a gen ding sangsikin a ma mimal thu leh na sepna bek uang genlua, a ma nuntak haksatna te uanggen lua in Lungdamna thu (gospel) thu gen kha nawnlo thei hi. Mipi te in thugen te hehpih in khitui naptui kai tawh a thuak pih tak ciangin a ma thu bekbek gen bel in nei a, Pasian thu thuk taktak gen nawnlo thei hi.
10. Anecdotal: (Mimal thu genna)
Khiatna/Zatna: Mimal khatpeuh, ei ma tuah khak thu bek bulphuh in, a tangzai zaw thu tawh tehkakna omlo in, thu piang khempeuh tawh bulhtuah sawmna ahi hi. Ei ma tuahkhak thu leh mimal khatpeuh’ tunga piang thu pen tulai tak a piangthu tawh kibang linlian lo thei ahih manin thupiang thak khat a pianna a hang taktak kinawlkhin thei hi. Gentehna in, Saptuam khat sungah nupa kikhen khat leh tangval zu ne thei khat a om man in tua saptuam pen piangthak lo hi cih tawh thukhupna bawl na ahi hi. Khat veivei a piang taktak thu leh nate tawh kisai a omsa thute nulmang thei hi.
11. Black or white (A Vom maw a Kaang)
Khiatna/Zatna: Tel theih ding nam nih bek om in, tua sung pan a deih zawk pen tel ding cihna hi. A taktak in tel theih ding nam tampi om gige hi na pi’n mipi lunglut zawh theihna ding a kizang mahmah khat ahi hi. Gentehna in Saptuam in Mission na sepna mun ah na sum na piak kei leh Pasian na sepna a lunglut lo mi nahi hi cih tawh genna ahi hi. Mission na sepna dingin sum a piak tektek loh hangin neihsa (property) khatpeuh zong pia thei, thu ngetsak thei a hih lam kithei saklo thei hi. “Nang na hih kei leh, na pa hi pel mawh ding hi” cih tawh kibang pian hi.
12. Ad Populum (Min leh vang zatna)
Khiatna / Zatna: Na khatpeuh or thu khatpeuh pen min thang leh vang nei mahmah ahih manin hoih ding hi, man pen ding hi cihna tawh thu deihkaihna ahi hi. Mi lungsim lakna dingin min thanna leh vang neihna tawh thu gentehna a kizang ahi hi. Huu zaapna (Bandwagon) tawh kinai mahmah hi. Hih thu pen a tam zaw in hoih sa or hih na pen a tam zaw in zang leh mi deih mahmah khat ahih manin a hoih pen ding a san ding hanciamna ahi hi. Gentehna in, van khat pen kikhawng mahmah or mi minthang actor/actress te in zong zang ahih manin a hoih khat hi ding hi cihna tawh thukhupna bawlna ahi hi.
13. Strawman
Khiatna/Zatna: Thu kigen khat pen a lang khat lamte’n a zawh nop manin, a thu gen mi’ deihna pan in heikhiat sakin a mau deihna a tunna dingin thu kawng hei sakna ahi hi. Thu gen mi khat deihna pen a hoihlo lam a kawk theihna dingin mi’ muh theihna dingin thu lianpi suahsak hi. Gentehna in, saptuam sungah mikhat in sum le pai zatna encik in, a kisam lualo te khiap theihna leh sum cilbawl theihna ding lampi a gen laitak pen a lang pang mikhat in sum zatna encik ding cih pen, sia/siama te khasum piak behding a deihlo hi cih tawh thu gen masa mi’ thugen pan thu kawng heikhiat sak in a ma zawhna dingin kaihkawina ahi hi. Tua dan mah bangin mikhat in i saptuam sungah Music van leina ding sum gelkholh (budget) pen khan kulkei a cih tak ciangin a lang pang khat in saptuam in music van lei ding deihlo hi cih bang dan a kekliat gawpna nam ahi hi.
14. Gambler’s Fallacy (Kikhapna tawh nialna)
Khiatna / zatna: A beisa hun a thu piang khatpeuh thupi tak a gen in, tua ci pian ngei khin ahih teh, mai lam ah zong tua ci tektek ding hi ci a, panna ahi hi. A piang thu pen a manman a piang thu zong hi tektek lo thei a, a hunzui a (randomly) a piang thu khat peuh hi thei hi. Gentehna in, a mau nupa in tapa thum a kizom in nei uh ahih manin a tulai tak a, a nu paii pen pasal mah hi ding hi, cih tawh thugen na ahi hi. A dang khat ah bawlung team khat in kum thum sung a kizom in a khatna ngah ta uh ahih manin tu kum bel ngah nawnlo hamtang ding uh hi cih tawh a beisa thu piangte bulphuh a mai lam a hong piang dingte gen kholhna khat ahi hi.
15. Genetic or Fallacy of origins (Khanpih thu meilet)
Khiatna/ Zatna: I pianpih or khankhiat pih thu meilet khat pen a man pen hi cih sanna ahi hi. A thu hoihna leh dikna en nawnlo in a thu kipatna, a phungpi en lo, kantel lo pi a, a man a sanna ahi hi. Gentehna in mi khatpeuh pen a ma pianna nu le pa in biakna saptuam khat sungah nakpi tak in na sawpsiang khin uh ahih manin saptuam dangte pen a ma’ saptuam bangin hoih sa lo, man salo in a ma saptuam bek mah a man pen ding a sanna ahi hi. Ei khankhiatna saptuam pen mi dangte a sangin a hoih pen le a man pen a sanna ahi hi. Gentehna dang khat khat ah ka Siapi pa in pasal te pen citak lo uh hi ci ahih manin pasalte a citak omlo hi ci a sanna ahi hi.
Works Cited:
“Online Writing Lab.” Common Writing Assignments: Logical Fallacies – Aims Community College. AIMS Community College, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
Hollenbeck, Randy. “Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallacies.”Recognizing and Avoiding Logical Fallacies. JSOnline.com, 24 Mar. 2011. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. “Fallacies.” The Writing Center at UNC-Chapel Hill. UNC-CH, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
“Academic Guides: Writing a Paper: Avoiding Logical Fallacies.” Avoiding Logical Fallacies – Writing a Paper – Academic Guides at Walden University. Walden University, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/.
