VIETNAM TEN "MY LAI MASSACRE" PAWKNA ZANG + VIETNAM WAR THU TOM KIM.
A kaikhawm: Thang Khan Lian
Hollywood fiction-action movies leh US pumgup ten Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975 i.e. kum 19, kha nga 5 ,nipi kal 4 leh ni 1) sung US President li - John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford command na nuai tawh a guallelhna uh pen a gualzawhna dan un a lah uh history kan lo leh thei lo tengin um heha dep zaw lai uh hi. April 30, 1975 in Saigon khuapi kilak khit nungin Vietnam a US omte helicopter in kihemkhia uh a, gal bei hi. Gal bei khit nungin US gualzo thei ding maw? Vietnam War ah US gualzo takpi hiam cih en suk ni.
US ten Vietnam War nasiat lai March 16, 1968 in South Vietnam a Son Tinh District sunga om Son My khuata ah nautang thau tawi lo 374-504 kikal US Army a Company C, Ist Bigate, 23rd (America) Infantry Division sunga Charlie Company ten a lomthah (mass massacre) ni uh phawkna dingin Vietnamese mi 1,000 val in hih kilomthahna leh numei tampi a buanni ni uh kum 50 phawkna tu kum 2018 in "My Lai massacre" kici March 18 in zang uh hi. Daily Mail ah bel US galkap ten nautang thau tawi lo mi 504 that hi ci-in suaksak hi. A kithatte lakah numei, naupang leh naungek piangcil naungeekte (infants) kihel uh hi.
US galkapte ciaptehna ah mi 347 kithat a, 400 in liamna tuak hi ci hi. Vietnam government ciamtehna ah nautang 504 My Lay leh My Khe khua-ah US galkap ten that uh hi ci-in ciamteh hi. Hih banga ngongtat US galkap mi 26 tungah "criminal offence" ngawhna US government in a bawl hangin C Company platoon makai Lieutenant William Carey Jr. bek kimawhpaih a, khuami 22 that hi ci-in ngawhna tuak ahih manin a dam sung thongkia dingin dan kipia hi. Ahih hangin thong ah kikhum lo lai a, kum thum leh a lang bek a inn ah kikhumcip (house arrest) hi. US ten chemical weapons nam khat Napalm bomb kici Galpi Nihna hun in Europe leh Pacific gamte ah zang masa uh a, tua khitin Korean War leh Vietnam War ah Vietnam, Cambodia leh Laos gamte ah nak zat mahmah uh hi. US ten 1963 -1973 kikal sung bekin Vietnam War ah napalm bombs 400,000 tons (400,000 *1,000 kgs) na khia uh a, Vietnam gam mite 60% ten fifth-degree burns (kangtum) uh hi. Fifth-degree burns kici pen guh nangawn kangtum cihna hi.
Tua loin US ten Vietnam War ah chemical weapon a nak zat mahmah uh Agent Orange hi. Agent Orange pen a tui hi a, 2,4-D leh 2,4,5-T herbicides (lohing thahna za) hi a, nipi kal khat bang tua zatui hangin sihtheihna (toxic) piangsak hi. Vietnam War lai-in US ten Agent Orange pen gammang leh lo lakah khaici leh singkung teng a sihna dingin vanleng panin khia uh a, a galte uh Viet Cong leh nautangte gammang lakah a buk theih lohna ding uh leh a nuntakna ding uh piang khiasak lo a khaici khempeuh sihna dingin a zat uh ahi hi. Orange Agent hangin Vietnam gal bei khitin kialpi tung a, mi tampi in sihlawh hi. US ten Vietnam War ah South Vietnam gam leitang 24% sunga singkung leh khaici leh lohing khempeuh thahna dingin Agent Orange 43 million liters (11.4 million gallons) na khia uh a, a za a kapna uh (spray zone) sung pen khua 3,000 sung hi. Hih khua 3,000 valte ah Agent Orange a kapna hangun khua mite pumpi sung, a an nek uh leh lei nuai-a tuite (groundwater) ah gu hoih lo dioxin kici lut hi. Lei nuai-a tuiphulkhiatna leh kikholna (underground aquifer) ah sih theihna gu (toxin) Vietnam War bei khit nung kum 100 om suak lai ding hi.
Hih thu hangin kum 10 tampi khit nungin dioxin hangin Vietnamese mi tampi in pumpi cidam lohna leh naungak piangte mi bang lo piangsual (health problems and birth defects) a suak uh a, Vietnamese government in USte Agent Orange poisoning hangin mi 400,000 a sih banah naungek million kimkhat piangsual uh uh hi ci hi. US galkap ten hih chemical galvan a zat uh Agent Orange gu hangin US leh a kipawlpih galkap ten cancers natna namtuamtuam - soft tissue sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease leh lymphocytic leukemia kihelin natna ngah uh hi. Vietnam, Korea leh mundanga USte chemical galvan napalm leh Agent Orange gu thuak ten chemical weapons bawl Monsanto leh Dow Chemical companies tampi vei heek uh hi. 2006 in chemical weapons bawl Monsanto leh Dow Chemical companies ten Vietnam War a USte ngongtatna gu thuak South Korean veteran (galkap pensionte) tungah huhna sum $63 million a piakna dingun thu kipia (ordered) hi. Napalm chemical galvan kizatna munte ah a gu thuak khate 800 -1,200 degrees C (1,500-2,200 degrees F) in kang uh hi.
Vietnam War ah USte chemical weapons zat napalm mihing tungah a tukkhak ciangin a zatui man (gel) sam, vun leh puan ah belh a, genzawh loh natna, nasia takin kaatna, khuaphawk lohna, husapna leh sihna (causing unimaginable pain, severe burns, unconsciousness, asphyxiation, and often death) piangsak hi. Napalm a kihel chemical 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin or TCDD pen mihingte adingin sihtheihna za nam lak panin a hatpen pawl hi a, a mihingte pumpi sunga fat cells ah teng ahih manin hormone systems nawngkaina leh cellular kilamdan’na piangsak a, ta neih theihna ding kilaihna (genetic changes) piangsak hi. Kiim leh kiang a ngeina mun (natural environment) ah a dioxin za kum sawm tampi sih theihna piangsak a, lei panin tui sungah lut a, organic matter a themte a nin (sediment) ahih manin tua panin food chain omna mun tungto hi.
Vietnamese Red Cross ten a tuatna ah Agent Orang hangin mi naupang 150,000 piangsualte kihelin mi 3 million in a natna ngah uh hi. Studies tuamtuam in a muhkhiatna ah Vietnam gam mite pumpi tunga Agent Orange gu hangin TCDD level sangpi tung ahih manin Agent Orange gu thuak nu leh pa ten ta a neih ciangun a tate uh piangsual uh hi cih mukhia uh hi.
Vietnam gam ah US President lui Obama a hawh khitin Japan gam zong va zin a, US ten Hiroshima leh Nagasaki khuapi-ah Galpi Nihna hun lai-in atom bomb a khit khit nung Hiroshima ah US president lenlai a pha masa pen suak hi. Obama in Hiroshima a phak lai-in US ten Japan gamah atomic bomb a khiat maisakna a nget ding hi cih gen a tam mahmah hangin US in Vietnam, Laos leh Cambodia gam mite thuakna ding a bawlnate leh chemical galvan a zatna hangin maisakna a nget ding hi ci kuamah om lo hi.
Vietnam, Laos leh Cambodia gam a teng mi ten Agent Orange leh napalm chemical weapons kizatna hangin maisakna ngetna ngah ding bek a ngah dingun kilawm lo-a, USte bomb khiat a puakkham lote hangin maisakna ngetna a ngah ding uh kilawm lai hi. US in Vietnam, Laos leh Cambodia gamte ah a bomb khiat puakkham lote hangin June 2016 dong “unexploded ordnance removal” kici tawh Vietnam tungah huhna sum $80 million, Cambodia tungah $100 million leh Laos tungah $85 million pia ta hi. Huhna sum a piakte a gentham loh hangin bangmah hih loh sangin hoihzaw a, US government ngaihsutna tawm kilaih hi cih kimu thei hi.
US in 2014 panin Iraq leh Syria ah ISte bomb khiatna ah sum $7.4 billion na beisak a, Vietnam, Cambodia leh Laos gamte ah kum sawm bang zah hiam sung US in a bomb khiat a puakkham lote siansuahna dingin a sum zat zah sangin Iraq leh Syria gamte ah bomb khiatna dingin sum zatkhiat a leh 27 sanga tam zaw zang hi. 2007 panin US in Agent Orange leh khaici za (herbicides) puakna leh sengna mun dingin galphualpi in a zatna uh dioxin “hot spots” kicihna munte siansuahna ding leh tua kiim-a tengte Agent Orange gu hangin natna leh sihna a tuah lohna dingun sum $130 million “health and disability programs” dingin zang ta a, tua banga a nasepna uh sunzom lai uh hi. Ahih hangin US in Vietnam War ah Agent Orange a zatna hangin Agent Orange leh natna tuamtuamte leh naungek piangsuakl a piang pen kizopkhakna nei lo hi ci-in nial lai hi.
US in Vietnam War lai-in Vietnam, Laos leh Cambodia mite tungah bombs million tampi leh lohing zatui (herbicides) millions gallons a khiat manin sep ding tavuan lianpi leibat nei lai hi. Tua bang a sep ding uh a mawhpuakna bek uh hilo a, sia leh pha khentheihna (morally) tawh a sep loh uh phamawh a, adiakin dioxin hot spots kicihna kiimte ah a thuak khate (victims) tungah huhna a piak loh theih loh hi. Tua loin US gam pen leitung adingin galvan tam zuakkhia pen leh leitunga dictatorships nasia pen leh human rights palsat nasia pente tunga galvan tam piakhia pen ahih manin indirect in a kigolhna hangin huhna sum piak ding leibat genzawh loh nei lai hi.
A poimawh diak thu pen USte mi hoih hilo hi napi mihoih kineihkhemna (hypocrisy) ahi hi. Vietnam ah human rights nasia takin a palsat bek uh hi loin Vietnam kiim-a gamte ah a human rights palsatna uh nasia mahmah hi. France in Vietnam gam kiim-a a ukkhum gamte (colonies) lak kik ding a lawhsap ciangin US in France hong huh a, Vietnam, Laos leh Cambodia gamte ah amau bekin a lipkhaphuai gal dona (own bloody campaigns) a pat manin millions tampi sihna leh liamna a piangsak banah mi lomthahna leh mulkimna bei-a ngong gamtatna tampi (series of massacres and atrocities) a bawl ban uh-ah Agent Orange kihelin chemical weapons herbicides gallons millions tampi khia lai hi
Chemical galvan millions tampi a khiat hangin Vietnam, Laos leh Cambodia gamte US guallel dimdem a, 1975 in Vietnam War a bei hangin a chemical galvan zatna hangin tu dong hih gam thumte ah natna hoih lo leh piangsual tam mahmah lai a, a si leh mi bang zo nawn lo-a liamna tawh nungta tam lai mahmah uh hi. Hih gam thumte ah US in a bomb khiat tampi puakkham lo ahih manin a guallelhna lianpi uh suaksak hi kici hi. Vietnam, Cambodia leh Laos gam-a teng ten US bomb khiat puakkham lote hangin tu dong buaina tuak lai uh a, bomb puak lote sik kha le uh a puah ding kal ngak bomb tampi om lai hi. Gentehna dingin Vietnam War bei khit nungin USte bomb khiat puakkham lote sikkha a sihna tuak mi 40,000 leh liamna tuak mi 65,000 om a, Cambodia 1979 khit nung USte bomb khiat puakkham lote sikkha a sihna leh liamna tuak 64,000 om hi. Cambodia gam-a bomb puakkham lo pawl khatte bel US in a cil in a gup leh amau piankhiatsak Khmer Rouge or Cambodian government' landmine hangin 1970s leh 1980s a si leh liam zong tampi om hi.
Laos ah USte Cluster bombs bomb khiat a tam pen history adingin kimuhkhia hi ci-in Mines Advisory Group (the preeminent humanitarian organization working to clear land mines and other unexploded ordnance) in ci hi. US in history per capita a et-in Laos ah bomb tam khia pen a, 1964-1973 kikal sungin bomb 2 million tons (2*1,000 million kgs) na khia a, Galpi Nihna lai-in US in Japan ah bomb a khiat sangin Laos gamah bomb a leh 12 val tam khia zaw hi. US in Laos ah hih bangin bomb tam a khiatna hang pen Vietnam gam makai Ho Chi Minh gum Vietnamese communist forces galkapte leh Laos gam-a a kipawlpih communist Laotian Pathet Lao kicite a ngimna hang hi. Tua bang US in ngimna a neih hangin 1968 in US President Lyndon Johnson in North Vietnam ah bomb khiat khawlsanna dingin thu a piak khit nungin US in Laos ah bomb nasia zaw sem khiat beh lai hi. Tua banga US thu Senate testimony ah Deputy Chief of Mission Monteagle Stearns in, “US gal vanlengte bangmah hih loin bawhcip uh ahih manin bangmah hih loin kikhawlsak thei lo hi,” ci-in dawng hi.
US ulian ten a gam mite theih loh dingin Laos ah a bombing campaign thusim imcip uh a, a bombing campaign hanga siatna lianpi piang thusimte gal lai-in Laos gam-a galtaite lak-a om US aid worker Fred Branfman in Laos gam mite haksatna thu lim takin ban dot a, a zak thute leh a muh thute "Voices From the Plain of Jars" kici laibu in hong bawlkhia hi. The Plain of Jars kici pen US in Laos gam-a bomb khiatna lak panin a nasiatna pen khanglui lai-a na lui suang beel;bawm (ancient archaeological stone jars) genna hi. Freelance writer leh US foreign policy hangin gamdangte gentheihna lianpi thute gelh Brett S. Morris in USte zuau bulomtang teng “21 Lies They Tell You About American Foreign Policy” kici laibu sungah na gelh a, Vietnam War bei ding kuanin US galkap ten B-52 srike bombers vanleng zangin 500 pound high explosive bombs kici bomb puak hat mahmah tampi khia uh a, Vietnam, Laos leh Cambodia ah a bomb uh Galpi Nihna hun lai-in Europe leh Asia ah bomb kikha zah sangin nih vei sangin tam zaw a, hih gam thumte ah US in bomb 7 million tons (ton khat i cih 1,000 kgs hi) khia hi ci hi.
Vietnam War ah US guallelh Pian'na:
Fall of Saigon (Saigon khuapi a Tukna): South Vietnam khuapi Saigon pen April 30, 1975 in People's Army of Vietnam(PAVN) National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Việt Cộng zong a kici) ten a lak zawh manun Vietnam War gal bei kipatna leh Socialist Republic of Vietnam nuai-ah North leh South Vietnam gam kipumkhatna dingin kilaihna hun (transition period) kipatna ni ahi hi. PAVN galkapte General Văn Tiến Dũng command na nuai-ah April 29,1975 in Saigon khuapi nawk hong kipan uh a, thaupi leh bomb tawh USte suamna nasia takin thuak Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) galkapte General Nguyễn Văn Toàn makaihna tawh pangkhawm uh hi. US ten ARVN galkapte bomb nasia takin a khiatna hangin Tân Sơn Nhất Airport ah a bomb khiatte un Vietnam War adingin US galkap si nunung pen nihte - Charles McMahon leh Darwin Judge in sihlawh kha uh hi. April 30, 1975 nitak lamin PAVN ten Saigon khuapi sung US galkapte leh a kipawlpih South Vietnam galkapte khut sung panin laksak zo uh a, Saigon khuapi sunga mun poimawhna munte a lak khit nungun South Vietnamese presidential palace ah a laan (flag) uh khai uh hi. Saigon khuapu North Vietnam President phamsa Hồ Chí Minh phawkna dingin Hồ Chí Minh City ci-in a min laih uh a, tu dong Hồ Chí Minh City kici suak hi.
Saigon khuapi kilak khit nung phetin Saigon khuapi panin American nautang leh galkap om khempeuh phial leh US tawh kipawl South Vietnamese nautang tul sawm tampi kinawnkhiatna leh puakkhiatna dingin US ten Operation Frequent Wind pan uh ngeekngek uh a, Saigon panin kihepkhiatna (evacuation) pen history adingin helicopter tawh mi kihepkhiat;kinawnkhiatna lak panin a nasia pen in kiciamteh lai hi. Tua loin Saigon khuapi a kilak khit nungin communist ten thukhun thak tawh a ukna hangun galtai tampi taikhiat beh hi.
US ten a Saigon khuapi sunga om American nautangte leh US galkap khempeuh phial leh amau tawh kipawl South Vietnam regime gum nautangte hepkhiatna dingin “Operation Frequent Wind” kici min zangin galtai nawnkhiat April 29, 1975 panin pan uh a, Tan Son Nhat Airport a US gal vanleng omte rockets leh thaupi (artillery) nasia takin a kikap manin Philippine gam-a US galphual Clark Air Base panin mi puakkhiatna dingin a vanlengte C-130E, 72-1297, c/n 4519, 314th Tactical Airlift Wing kikapsiatsak hi. A vanleng hawlte a vanleng kuang sung panin taxiway ah kihemkhia uh a, C-130 bawhna munah kipuak hi. Rocket kikap zom ahih manin a vanleng phual a na themte (debris) hangin Saigon a US defence ulian kilkoih General Homer D. Smith in US Ambassador Martin kiangah vanleng lengkhiatna leh bawhna mun (runways) kizang thei lo ahih manin Saigon panin emergency evacuation dingin vanleng golte kizang thei lo ding a, helicopter tawh galtai khempeuh nawnkhiat bei loh phamawh hi ci-in ci-in hilhna hoih (advise) pia hi. Ambassador Martin in evacuation dingin vanleng phual-a om fixed-wing aircraft zat ding sawm veve a, ahih hangin a hawlpa South Vietnamese pilot in North Vietnam galkapte lamah lehtai dingin thukhensatna a bawl manin runways panin a lengkhiat ding hun in a vanleng lengkhia sak nuam lo hi (tua vanleng bel kikapsia lo hi).
US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger’ nawhna hangin Martin in Marine guards-te kiangah Tan Son Nhat airport kikap lai-in a kipaipihna dingin thupia a, tua mun-a thupiang va enkhia hi. Martin in fixed-wing vanleng tawh evacuation kibawl thei lo ding hi ci-in a muh ciangin helicopter evacuation pat dingin a manlang thei pen in ut lopi pi-in green light pia hi. Saigon khuapi nawl panin PAVN galkap ten hong neh mahmah ta hi cih reports hong tung hi. 10:48 a.m. April 30 in Martin in Kissinger' phalna tawh “FREQUENT WIND" evacuation plan bawl ding kingakkhum ahih manin Kissinger in minute thum sungin “FREQUENT WIND" evacuation pat dingin thupia pah a, American radio station in Irving Berlin' lasak "White Christmas" kici North Vietnam galkap ten galkapte manlang takin a kihepkhiat sawm lam uh a theih lohna ding leh manlang takin kihepkhiatna ding “evacuation points” munte ah American galkapte kihepkhiatna dingin lim lahna dingin pia (signal) hi.
“FREQUENT WIND" evacuation plan tawh USte helicopter gol CH-53 leh CH-46 helicopters-te Americans leh US a pawlbawl Vietnamese mite South China Sea a om Seventh Fleet teembawpi kihelin teembaw ah nawnkhiat ding cih geelna nei uh hi. Kihepkhiatna ding munpi (main evacuation point), Ton Son Nhat a DAO Compound zang uh a, khuapi sunga bus ten a sawt loin nitak lamin airport ah passenger a dim a ha in hong nawn ziahziah uh hi. Nitak lamin amasa pen dingin DAQ Compound ah CH-53 hong bawh a, Americans 395 leh US gum Vietnamese 4,000 val kinawnkhia hi. 23:00 in DAO office a kinawnkhia ding galtaite U.S. Marines galkap ten security pia uh a, DAO office suksiatna ding, American vante (equipment), files, leh sumte nawnkhiat ding zia geelna nei uh a, Air America UH-1s nangawn evacuation nadingin zang uh hi.
Hih banga kihepkhiatna dingin helicopter nasia takin zat ding geelna masa pen in nei lo uh a, galtaite hepkhiatna hong pat ciangun US Embassy ah mi tul bang zah hiam nawnkhiat ding (Vietnamese mi kihelin) om lai hi. Sih ding kihta US gum Vietnamese tampite US Embassy umna kulhbaang panin hong kah beh a tam banah keekkia, huihpi leh guahpi hong kithuah sawnsawn ahih manin zingsang panin zan dong galtaite helicopter tawh nawnkhia ngeekngek uh hi. April 30, 1975 zinsang nai 03:45 in Kissinger leh President Ford in US Ambassador Martin kiangah North Vietnam galkap ten Saigon khuapi a lak ding uh lunghimawhin American mite bek hepkhiatna dingin thupia hi. President Gerard Ford in Ambassador Martin kiangah evacuation helicopter ah tuang dingin thu pia a, a helicopter call sign dingin "Lady Ace 09" kizang a, a helicopter hawl Gerry Berry hi a, 04:58 am in Martin in Saigon a nusiatsan nuam loh hangin ama bitna dingin a puakhia ding leh a man dingin US Marines galkapte thu kipia hi.
US Embassy evacuation panin Americans 978 Americans leh Vietnamese 1,100 kipuakkhia a, a vanleng nunung pen 07:53 am in US Embassy panin lengkhia hi. Ahih hangin Vietnamese leh South Korean mi 420 US Embassy compound ah a kinusiat banah US Embassy kulhbang pua-ah US gum tampi om laite kinusiatsan lai hi. Americans leh galtaite (refugees) kihepkhiat theihna ding pen North or South Vietnamese kigolh loin a kihepkhiat theihna dingun phalna kipia a, Ton Son Nhat manawh a American helicopters hawl ten PAVN anti-aircraft guns ten a lengna mun uh hong encik (tracking) uh hi cih man napi un kikapkhiatsak lo hi. Vietnam gam makai ten Americans leh galtai kinawnkhiate nawngkaisak lo dingin thupia uh a, a kinawnkhiatna dinga kizang Americans mite tuanna security pia dingin Saigon policete thu kipia hi.
Hih bangin thakhat thu-in USte guallelhna April 29-30, 1975 in Saigon ah a piang manin Vietnam leh a kiim-ah American military operation bei hi. Ahih hangin Vietnamese mi tampi in a gam uh teembaw leh vanleng tawh nusiatsan zom uh a, Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) pilots tampi in American teembaw omna munte Thailand gam dongah galtai a hunkhop om uh hi. Ambassador Martin in Vietnam War hun sunga US gum Vietnamese leh South Koreans mite nusiatsan nuam loin amah a kipuakkhiatna USS Blue Ridge teembaw panin US Embassy compound a kinusiatsan laite lakna dingin helicopter a nget hangin a ngetna President Ford in saan’sak lo hi. Seventh Fleet teembaw sungah Martin ni bang zah hiam om laite amaute ngak American ten teembaw ahih kei leh vanleng tawh a puakkhiat ding kal dong ngak dingin kithuzawh zo hi.
Vietnamese gammi mi tampi US gamah Indo-China Migration leh Refugee Assistance Act evacuation kici tawh kipuak hi. Kum sawm tampi khit nungun US in Vietnam tawh diplomatic relation nei kik a, US Embassy lui US tungah Vietnam in pia kik hi. Saigon khuapi tuk ma nil eh tuk ni-a helicopters-te bawhna mun inn tung (rooftop helicopter pad) kizangte phawkna leh lahna dingin tu dong Michigan khuapi-a Grand Rapids-a Gerald R. Ford Museum ah muh theih dingin kikoih lai hi.
Vietnamese government in Saigon khuapi kilak khit nung kum nih sungin Saigon khuapi mi 1 million in nusiatsan a, state government in mi 500,000 kihepkhiat theihna ding ngimna nei hi ci hi. Vietnam War bei khit nungin official leh non-official tuatna ah South Vietnamese mi 200,000 - 300,000 kikal South reeducation camps ah kisawl a, mi tampi ten bawlsiatna, gilkialna leh nasep haksa sem dingin thatang tawh sawlna thuak uh hi ci hi. Saigon khuapi kilak ni April 30 pen Vietnam gam adingin Reunification Day in kiciamteh ahih manin public holiday in kizang a, ahih hangin Vietnam official Reunification Day or Liberation Day (Ngày Giải Phóng) taktak 2 July 1976 in piang zo pan hi.
Operation Frequent Wind Evacuation pen manlang leh thanuam tak leh hangsan takin kihepkhiatna dinga pan lakna hi ci-in ciamteh tham in a kigen hangin pawlkhat ten zekai lua hi ci uh hi. US State Department in amau tawh kipawl US Embassy a Vietnamese nasem mi South Vietnam panin a beisa leh tu-in 90,000 bang hi ci hi. Congress testimony ah Ambassador Martin in tua bang mi April 1975 bei tan in mi 22,294 kihemkhia a, US State Department, CIA leh US galkap tawh kipawl South Vietnam tul sawm tampi in thuk kik ding ngak uh hi ci hi. 1977 in National Review in US Embassy in a nusiatsan CIAte thusim pia South Vietnamese 30,000 kithat hi ci-in ngawh hi.
April 30 pen tu dong Vietnam ah public holiday ci-in Liberation Day or Reunification Day ci-in kizang a, May 1 International Workers's Day tawh public holiday in kizang suak hi. Ahih hangin US gam tung khinsa South Vietnamese ten Aril 30 ni pen Saigon a tukna ni ci-in kahna leh dahna ni “Black Day” in zang den lai uh a, i gup mahmah leh leh i sihpih ngam US ten hong nusiatsan ni lim lahna ni, gal ciamtehna ni eh mi lom paikhiatna (mass exodus) ni ci-in ciamteh den uh hi.
References:
1. Thought.Com (Napalm and Agent Orange in the Vietnam War)
2. Vox.Com (Agent Orange and unexploded bombs: America's “human rights” record in Vietnam)
3. Quora (What kind of bombs were dropped by B-52 bombers in the Vietnam war?)
4. Wikipedia (The Fall of Saigon)
5. History.Com (Vietnam War)
