Nitumna gamte leh Sente’ khantoh/kiamsuk nate gal-et na.

March 31, 2018

Agelh ~ Khup Lian Thang

Niall Furguson (Professor of History at Hardvard University) in leitung tangthu te akankan khit ciangin,“Tu laitak leitung aa a nungta lai eite in a beisa ong nusia sa ih pu ih pu sawnte’ tuahkhak sa thute ih awlmawh kei lua a, ih kan kei lua hi. Amau tuahkhak thute tungpan in pilna ih la kei lua hi” ci-in a lunghimawhna gen hi. Amah mah in,“Tu laitak leitung mimal phazah pen leitung ah a om ngei khin limlim mimal pha zah ii 7% bek ki hi-in, ong nusia sa a paisa 93% te ii tuahkhak thu, amau tangthu tuanthu te ih awlmawhloh phamawh hi. Ni danglai thute pen apiang taktak thute hi-in, a beisa aa thu paizia leh pianzia dante mah, mailam ah ong piang ding ahi hi. Tua ahih manin tangthu te ih kan kikna leh sin kikna pen a beisa thute a sin kik cih ciang bek ihi kei a, leitung nuntak khuasakzia, ong pailai ding ih nuntakzia dingte a sin kholkhol ih hi zaw hi” ci in gen hi.

Ni tumna lam aa kumpi gam lianpi te

BC 27 kim aa kipan in Roman Empire ong kipan in a ukna gam pen zai mahmah hi. Tu laitak leitung gamlim tawh hileh Europe gam khempeuh, Middle East gam leh Africa leilu lam gam dongin a gam zai uh mahmah hi. AD 364 pawl ciangin Roman Empire pen khenpi nih ki suah hi. Ni suahna leh nitumna Empire ci-in kikhen a, nitumna Western Roman Empire in Rome (tulai tak Italy te khuapi) pen khuapi in nei a, ni suahna lam Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople (tu-in Istanbul kic in Turkey gamhuam ah om) khuapi in nei uh hi. Nitumna lam Empire pen AD 476 ciangin a gamveng te in na do mangin a Empire bup ong bei lawh hi. Ahih hangin nisuahna lam Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire zong kici) pen ki zom toto suakin AD 1453 kum dong agam uh kip hi. AD 1453 ciangin nisuahna lam pan in Turkey te’makaih Ottoman Empire te in na do uh ahih manin nisuahna Roman Empire zong ong bei ta hi.

Nitumna lam Roman Empire abei khit (AD476) ciangin hih Roman Empire mun pan in gam tampi ong piang khia hi. Hih minam leh gam neuneu te pen palang gawp in, gal leh sa in ki nei in gam khat leh khat minam khat leh khat ki dodo mai uh hi. Tua ahih manin tangthu ah AD 500-1000 kikal pen nitumna gamah khim zing hun (The Dark Age) ci-in ki ciamteh hi. Tua pan in damdam in ong kikhel to uh a, AD 1500 khit aa kipan a khantohna uh ong manlang mahmah in, kum 500 sungin (AD 1500-AD2000) pilna siamna thahatna bulphuh in khangto mahmah uh hi. Tua hang mah in zong amau gamte in leitung bup kum zalom 3-4 (AD 1600-2000) sung bang uk uh hi. A diakin Myanmar gam, Zogam a uk ahi United Kingdom (UK) leh a dangdang, Portugal, Dutch, France, Spain, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Russia, a nunglam teh USA ong kibeh lap in hih gamlian 11 te in leitung a uk phial cih theih ahi hi

Sente khantohna

AD 1500kum ciangciang pen pilna, hauhna leh khantohna lam ah leitung nisuahna lam ahi adiakin Sen minam te pen nitumna lam gamte sangin na khangto zaw uh hi. Pilna, van leh nate bawl siamna ah Sente na khangto mahmah in, ganan(Mathematics) lam pilna ah India te, Aksi leh Ni tawh kisai pilna lam ah Arab mite cih bangin a pilpen na hi lai uh hi. Sen gam aa om leitung aa minthang mahmah ahi The Great Wall pen zong BC 700 lai pawlin Sen kumpi masate in galnan na dingin na lam ta uh hi. Ama nungah ong khang kumpi te in na zomzel uh a, a tawpna ah Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-1644) sungin nakpi takin na lam a, asauna 13,171miles bang ahih manin mihingte’ bawl lakah a thupi pen khat in kiciam teh hi. Sente’ kumpi inn minthang mahmah ahi akumpi innpi (Forbidden City) pen AD 1406-1420 kum sungin kumpi Yongle Emperor in Ming Dynasty sungin na lam in, a pilna leh a siamna pen sang mahmah ahih manin leitung bup in zong tuni dong mahin thupi kisa hi. Tua hun laitak in leitung ah khuapi lianpen Sente khuapi Beijing hi-in mi 600,000 (6 lakhs) bang teng dingin ki ciamteh hi. Tua hun laitak in leitung ah khuapi lianpen 10 lak ah 9 pen nisuahna lam gamte ah om in, nitumna lam pan in France te khuapi Paris bek kihel zo a, mi 200,000 (2 lakhs) bang a teng dingin ki ciamteh hi. England te khuapi London ah mi 50,000 bek om dingin kiciam teh. Sente khuapi te tawh kikhai mahmah hi.

Van thak na thak bawlna lam ah zong na khangto mahmah uh hi. Laidal zong Sente bawl masak hi-in, Lai khetna (Press) set pen kum zalom 11 paw in Sente na nei na zang khin uh hi. Germany te’ muh khiat leh a zat uh pen kum zalom 15 pawl ahih manin Germany te sangin kum 400 bang na madawk zaw uh hi. Tua mah bangin Sik tawh aki bawl lei (Iron Suspension Bridge) pen 1781kum aa English te’ bawl The Iron Bridge@Rive Severn in a ki ciapteh hangin, AD 65kum in Sente in Sik-lei (Iron Bridge) na nei khin thamtham uh hi. Sik huanna, a siangtho sakna tawh kisai pen Sente in BC 200 laipek in na zang khin uh a, English te in AD 1709 in Coalbrookdale khua ah sikte a tuisak ahuanna na zang pan uh hi. Hih bangin sikte huantui in a utut in a zat theihna hangin England gam ah set vante’ khantohna (Industrial Revolution) kipatna na ong hi hi. AD1788 pawl kum khat sungin England te’ Sik (iron) bawl zawhzah pen, Sente in AD1078 pekin a bawl zawhzah uh zong phazo nai dek nailo hi ci-in ki ciamteh hi. Siam-gat-na zong Sente in na pan khia masa in, kum AD1300 pawl in Italy gam leh nitumna gam lam ah na zuakzuak ta uh hi. Thauvui zong na bawl masa na mukhia masa uh a, Sente in bel a ni thupi a pawi thupi ciangin a zat ahi Losan dingin na bawl uh hi. Hih thauvui te pen nitumna gamte in thautang leh galsimna thau in zang uh a, tua tawh a gam uh na kek uh hi. Sente pen Lokhawh sing puak zia, mehteh mehgah ciin zia cih te zong na siam mahmah leh na khangto mahmah uh a, kum zalom 13 pawlin lokhawh zia ding laibu bang na neizo zezen uh hi. Tua hun in nitumna lamte in tua bang dinmun na hi nai vetlo uh hi. A thupi penpen ahi, a thu ngaihsutzia (Philosophy) uh zong sang thei mahmah a, Confucius thuzui leh ngaihsutzia in deep mahmah ahih manin picing mahmah thei mahmah uh hi. Tua teh zatui lam pilna zong, siam thei mahmah uh ahih manin tuni dong mahin amau ngeina zatui te leitung bup ah ki lim zat mahmah lai hi.

Sente galkpa mang ahi Zheng He in AD 1405-1433 sungin Tembaw lianpipi bawla, tua tembaw te tawh leitung gam tuamtuam ah 7 vei bang na zin khin ta hi. Nitumna lam gamte’ zin khiat kipat sangin kum 100 bang na manlang zaw hi. America gam amu khia Spain kumpi sawl Christopher Columbus pen AD 1492, nitumna lam panin nisuahna a zin masa Portugal minam Vasco Da Gama pen AD 1497 pawl hi pan ahih manin Sente pen na pusuak khia masa zaw, thu na mu masa zaw tham hi. Galkap mang Zheng He in a khualzin lai in a zat Tembaw pen 400ft bang sau in ki ciamteh a, tua ahih manin America amukhia Christopher Columbus’ zat Santa Maria Tembaw sangin a zah nga bangin golzaw hi. Galkap mang Zheng He in Tembaw tawh khual a zin ciangin nasem mi 28,000 bang tawh zin ahih manin, leitung galpi masa ciangciang ah amah a demzo a om vetlo ahi hi. A langkhat ah Christopher Columbus in America amukhiat lai in amah tawh tembaw nasem mi 89kim bek tawh zinkhia zo hi. Zheng He a khualzin 7 veina bangin Africa, South America, Australia, Greenland, Russia Siberia cih bangin leitung mun khempeuh phial a kim vel khin-in ki ciamteh hi. Portugal mi Vasco Da Gama in khualzin in apai na ah, Africa gamkhat ahi Malindi (tulai tak Kenya) gam a tun uh teh, Sen minamte honthat na om hi. A theih theih teh tuama kum 100 pawlin Sen galkap mang Zheng He ii tuilam tawh khual zin lai in Tembaw akisia aa a ciah theilo pawl na hi hi.

Sente nungtolh na

AD 1424 pawl ciangin Sen kumpi Yongle Emperor ong si ta a, a kahthak kumpi te in hih bangin khualzin khiat ding leh mun dang gamdang tawh kizop ding kham hi. Galkap mang Zheng He leh ama nasep sa te nangawn ki thupi bawl nawn hetlo in, a sihna bang akician hetlo leh khasiat huai takin a nuntakna bei lel hi. Bek thamlo in kumpi’ phalna omlo in tembaw tawh khual a zinte zong man uh hi. Tua hun pan kipan in Sente pen kuamah tawh kizom nawn mello uh hi. A gam sung uh ah mimal zong ong tam semsem in, neek leh dawn ding zong ki cing zolo in haksak tektek uh hi. A kumpi te in a uk dan siam zolo ahih manin kumpi langdo te zong ong thahat semsem hi. A gam sungah cinatna, kialpite tungin haksat tuamtuam tung ahih manin agam uh buai semsem hi. AD1580-1650kum kikal sung bekbek in agam mimal 100 ah 40 bang pen Kialpi hang, natna hoihlo tuamtuam hang leh gal kido na hangin bei mang hi. 1793kum ciangin British te 1st Earl Macartney makai in Sen kumpi Qianlong Emperor tawh ki mu dingin pai uh hi. Tua aki muhna ah, Sen kumpite in gamdang gam tuamtuam te tawh sumbawlna leh khantohna tuamtuam a sep khopna dingin zawn uh hi. Amau sangin a khangto zaw nitumna lamte’ bawlsa ahi van hoih na hoih tuamtuam te lak in, a zolbawl uh hi. Ahih hangin a kumpi pa in,“Ka gamah bangmah kisam lo hi ung. No bawlsa van leh nate zong ko aa dingin thupi lo hi” ci-in dawng kik ziau hi. A gam hong nuamlo in, gamdang kumpi gamdang mite tawh sumbawl pai bawlnate khak tan cip hi. Hih bangin a om tentanna hangin hun khat lai-in pilna siamna khempeuh a pian khiatna, na hoih nono a bawlkhia ziahziah, AD 1500 pawlin leitung ah gam hau pen leh a khangto pen, gam thu pi mahmah dinmun pan in, a nungta liamliam kumpi gam khat ong suak hiau hi. A sawt lo in, British te in Opium (beng) zuak leh zangsakin in tua tawh a Sen mite khim hi. 1839kum ciangin England te in Sengam ah a deih bangbangin sungtom pusuak in amau deih bangbangin Sen kumpi nial ngam lo hi. Hun khat lai in leitung ah a hau leh a thahat mahmah, apil mahmah gam pen tu in gam neu khat ahi lel England te cih bangbang in gamta hiau uh hi.

Nitumna lam gamte (gam 11) dinmun leh khantohna (AD 1500-2000)

AD 1500 hunpawl nitumna lam gamte’ dinmun en dih ni. Leitung bup ii a leitang 10% bek amau neihsa ahi hi. Mimal pen leitung bup ii 16% bek ahi hi. A neih leh a lamh ahauhna pen leitung bup ii 43% ahi hi. Leitung khuapi lianpen 10 lak ah 1 bek amau kiangah om hi. A gam mite nuntak khuasak zia (living standard) pen Sente, nisuahna lamte sangin niam zaw leh zawng zaw mahmah uh hi. Ahih hangin tua zawh kum 400 khit, AD 1900 ciangin a khantohna pen lam et ngam huailo phial zah dingin khangto uh hi. Leitung bup ii a leitang 58% pen amau neihsa suak hi. Amau ukna sungah a teng mimal pen leitung bup mi phazah ii 57% pha hi. Leitung gamte’ neih leh lamh hauhna khempeuh ii 79% pen amau neihsa hita hi. Leitung khuapi 10 lak 9 pen amaute kiangah om in, khat bek nisuahna gam lam ah om hi. Tua pen Sengam zong hilo in Janpante khuapi Tokyo ahi hi. Galpi nihna hun lai in Bristish te bekbek in leitung ii leitangh 23% bang pen amau ukna ah om hi. Tua hangin nitum ngeilo kumpi ci in kiciam teh hi.

A gam uh lian semsem in, ahauhna uh zong khang semsem hi. Tua hun sung mah in nitumna gamte ah nate’ thute kantelna leh theihtelna (Science) khangto mahmah hi. Issac Newton, Albert Einstien cihte khang khia hi. Nite, khate, aksi te thu a kanna lam ah khangto mahmah hi. Leitung dang tuamtuam te mukhia uh a, agamla etna (telescope) te mukhia in ki zang ziahziah hi. Ngaihsutna thak muhna a thak (Reaissance) hun (AD 1400-1700) hi in, Music lam, Limsuaihna lam, leh lai lam ah zong nakpi takin khangto uh hi. Tua te in tuni dong mahin aki gengen khantohna te ahi hi. Setvan tuamtuam, meileng, motor, meitha, phone , vangleng cih bangin setvan tawh mihing te noptuamna ding leh amau hauhna dingin na lianpi tampi mukhia semkhia uh hi.

AD 1367-1371 kikal in natna lianpi Plague nata hangin nitumna gamte mimal ii 60% bangin sih lawh a, tua hangin leitung gam mimal pen 70-200millions bangin sih lawh dingin ki ciamteh hi. Nasia lua ahih manin tua hun pen The Black Death ci-in lipkhap huai takin tangthu ah ki ciamteh hi. Hih bangin Leitung ah natna lianpi sihna lianpi a paingsak thei natna gilo tampi tungah, amau muh khiat zatui pilna te in damna ngahsak in, mihing te a khan uh zong sau zaw pah hi. Plague natna te ong om kik zelzel himah leh zatui pilna ah khangto mahmah uh ahih manin amsa zah in suksia nawn lo hi. Gal leh sa zong tam mahmah leh natna hoihlo tam mahmah ahih manin AD1500-1700kum in mihing khat ii nuntakna pen ahuampi kum 30-34 cih dan bek hi in, AD 1800 khit zawh ciangin mihing nuntakna khan sau tektek in, kum 50, kum 70 cih bangin zatui pilna akhantohna leh gal leh sa akiamzawkna hangin mihing nuntakna sau tektek hi ahi hi.

A khantohn ma un neek leh dawn zong alim a al leh a kisam pente ne zolo leh thei nailo uh ahih manin AD1700kim in France te a tun sanna (average height) uh pen 5’-4 ¾” kim bek sang uh hi. Tu laitak Zomite zong tua dan hi kha ding hi. Ahih hangin ong khangto in tu in ahih leh ahuampi in 5’-9” bang sang ta uh hi.

Nitumna lam gamte khantohna a hang (AD 1500 khit)

Nitumna lam Roma Empire a bei khit ciangin gam neu tampi takin kikhen uh hi. Gam khat leh khat kidemna, ki do gal leh sa khauh pai mahmah hi. Tua ahih manin amau gam ii hauh semsem na ding, a thahat semsem na dingin lampi ong zong ngeingai ta uh hi. Spain kumpi pa sawlna tawh Christopher Columbus in America lamah, Portugal kumpi sawlna tawh Vasco Da Gama in nisuahna lam, cih bangin gam kek kipan in kidem ngeingai uh hi. Sente hat lai in amakai galkap mangpi Zheng He dan mah in tuipi tungah zin kipan ziahziah uh hi.

A ki lamdang khat ah Sente galkap mangpa Zheng He a zin lai in minam dang leh gam tuamtuam te tungah amau Sente’ pilna hauhna tangko in, tua minam leh gamte in ama kumpi (Sen kumpi) pa zahtaakna apiakna ding pen a nasep pi ahi hi. Tu in nitumna gamte in a khualzin ciangin tua bang hilo uh hi. A tuntun na gam ah sumbawlna phualpi ding hong uh in, a siksikna leitang pen amau aa suaksak uh hi. Gentehna: Portugal te in Sente leitang khat ahi Macao pen Sente tungpan ngen uh a, sum bawlna phualpi dingin zang uh hi. Sengam pen amau ii sumbulna phualpi suaksak uh hi. Bek thamlo in amau maiah a madawk Sente bang hilo in ami masa, aphul khia masa Vasco Da Gama pen 1524kum in a khualzin laitak in India ong si ahih manin hoihtak in pibawl uh a, agam ah ciahpih vingveng in thupi tak vui uh hi.

Portugal te bang mah in France te in Ameriaca gamte/Africa gamte, Vietnam/Combodia/Laos etc.., Spainte in Phillipine gam,South leh North America etc..,British te in –India-Myanamr-Malayisia-Singapore-Hongkong-Middle East gamte-Africa- America etc..gam te, Dutch te in Indonesia etc…, leh Germnay, Italy, Russia, Austria hih nitumna gamte in gam kek in, agam hauhna ding a thahat na dingin lampi nawt in hanciam ciat uh hi. A tuntun na gamte ah sumbawl in na hoih na manpha tampi a gam ah ciahpih uh hi. A thupi pen ah khat leh khat kidem uh in, hanciam uh in, mun dang leitung muntuamtuam tawh nasem khawm mapang khawm uh ahih na hangin, hih bangin kum 500 sung bang leitung a uk amadawk ahihna ahang thupi pen khat na hi hi.

Sente kiamsukna leh nitumna gamte khantohna pan pilna

Galpi nihna khit nitumna lamte Democracy tawh ki-ukna lamah tha khauhsak semsem in, Russia leh Sente leh Yogoslavia te in Communist ki-ukna tawh a gam uh hong ki-uk ciat uh hi. Democracy ki ukna a zang nisuahna lam pan Japan te zong nakpi takin khangto in 1950kum khit pawl ciangin nitumna gamte pha zo ziau uh hi. Sengam pen khantohna leh hauhna lam manawh zo hetlo in ong zawng mahmah uh hi. A biakna a ngeina tampi te hangin a zawng hi ding cih upna hangin Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) sungteng in a ngeina hoih tampi tak zong phiat uh hi. Ahih hangin khangto tuanlo uh hi. 1976kum, Sente makaipi Mao Zedong ong sih ciangin Deng Xiao Ping leh alawmte ong khang khia in, a gam ki-ukzia leh sumbawl zia te ong laih mang uh hi. A tom in gen leng a gam uh ki hongin, midang gamdang tawh nasem khawm in, gamdang sumnei te khempeuh a gam ah sam in, sum bawl paibawlna anop na dingin lampi te hong uh hi. Tua dan in ahon theihna dingin ki-ukzia zong tampi laih kul ahih manin laih to mang uh hi. Tua hun pan kipan in agam uh ii sumbawlna ong khangto hanhan hi. Tu in ahih leh leitungah sumbawlna lam ah gamlian nihna ong suak ziau ta hi. A sawt nawnlo 2030kum pawlteh USA nangawn zong a makhelh in leitung ah gamhau pen suak dingin ta ding ci-in ki gen hi. Kum 500 sung nitumna lam gamte thuneihna, a hauh nate uh tu-in Sente in apha zo ding suakta ahih manin tangthu ong ki khel toto hita hi. Hih bangin kum 500 khit teh tangthu lianpi a khelzo Sente makai Deng Xiping ii thugen pen ciapteh huai mahmah leh hih in amau’ kiamsukna leh a khialhna na lak khia hi. Ama genna ah;

“Gam khat peuhin a kongkhakte khakin amau bek ii tha tawh a ding sawm hangin khangto ngei vetlo ding hi. Tua bangin tuam dinna ii ahoihlohna pen ka thei kha khin a, ka pu ka pate in zong na tuakkha uh hi. Kumpi Yongle (Ming Dynasty) khanlai (AD1402-1424) pawlin ka gam uh pen kihong in, mundang gamdangte tawh kizom in, kumpi ki ukzia ki hong ahih manin ka khangto mahmah uh hi. Kumpi Yongle asih khit pan kipan in ka gam uh kiatna lam ah a manawh pah hi. Ming Dynasty pan in Opium (beng) gal kipat dong (AD 1500-1800 pawl) kum 300 sung bang pen ka gam uh kongkhak ka kikalh cipna hangun zawnna khempeuh ong tung a, thanem mahmah kahih man un Britishte in Opiums (Beng) tawh ka gam ah onglut in, ong khim uh a, ahih hangin bangmah ki cih thei kei uh hi. Amau cih bang leh deihna bangin ka gamta uh a, Hongkong leh Macao (Portugal) tuikulh zong amau zat dingin ka kawmkha lai uh hi. Kum 300 sung ka gam makaite in kongkhak a khak cipna hangin ka gam uh zawngin, nung tolh in, khuamial sungah lam pai bangin haina in ong tuam cip hi. Khantohna ih deih takpi leh, ih ngaihsutnate ih gam ii sumbawl paibawl na kongkhak te hongin, gam khempeuh leh minam khempeuh tawh na ih seploh ziahziah loh phamawh hi” ci-in Sen gam a khangto a thahatsa gam pan in a kiamsukna , a makaipi pa genna tungtawn in tel tak in ki mu thei hi.

Gam lianpi te khantohna leh kiamsuakna apiang sak thu laigil

1) Why Nation Fail cih laibu sungah lai-at te in, gamte a khantoh dingin gam ii leitangh kiphah zia, gam ii leisung sumpaing neihna, gam mite ii ngeina biakna upna pau leh hamte, leh gam makaite khat ii haina or gammite haina hangin gamte khangto kiamsuk cih omlo, tuate in thu khen masa lo hi ci hi. A thupi pen in a gam kumpi ki ukzia, sumbawl paibawl na vai tungah kumpi thunei te sepzia bawlzia leh a uk kumpi makaite deihsak na tungah kinga liuleu hi ci in gen hi.

2) Tua ahih manin hih bangin gamkhat ii kalsuan zia kikhel na apiang sak ding a thupi pen in gam ukna makaite, a gam sunga om kipawlna tuamtuam (Instituition) tuamtuam makaite na hi hi. Ki ukna thunei kumpi kipawlnate or party te kalsuanzia (Policy) tung tawnin Sen kumpi gam kiamsuk in, tua te hang mah tawh a Sengam khangtohna lam manawh kik hi.

3) Nitumna gamte ong khantoh masakna a hang pen, suakta takin mipite nungta khuasa thei in, a gam kumpi te a gam makaite mahmah in a mipi te panpih in tha pia ahih man ahi hi. Tua mah bangin a gam mite in a kumpi aa dingin na lianpi pi sepsak ding lawp mahmah pah uh hi. Suakta takin pil sinna, suakta takin thu ngaihsut theihna, suakta takin nuntak khuasakna, suakta takin sum bawl pai bawlna, hih te hangin nitumna gamte khangto in, zatui lam pilna, nate thute kankhiatna, cihte ah alungsim uh ki hong mahmah in na thak thuthak te mukhia phuangkhia ziahziah uh hi. Tua in huahna thuneihna pia in, tua in nitumna gamte nuntakna sang khai hi.

4) Tua paizia ki ukzia mah bulphuh in nisuahna lam pan Japan, Korea, Singapore,Taiwan leh India gamte in nakpi takin mite tawh mapang khawm nasem khawm, kumpi in panpih a gam uh hong mahmah uh hi. Tua hangmah in hih gamte in nitumna gamte tawh liangko kikim zahin khangto in nuamsa uh hi. Tu in Sente in zong nungzuih toto ta hi. Tuma kum 500 sung nitumna gamte khut sungah na khempeuh aom dinmun pan in tu in ahih leh nisuahna leh nitumna gamte thahatna ong kikim ta pian a, anih tuakun aki kihta zaw om nawn lo hi. Amun agam aminam tungah kinga lo in, ki makaihzia, sep khop pankhop kalsuan zia tungah a kingah na gige zaw mahmah hi.

5) Makaite in kikhelna apiangsak zawh kei leh kikhelna apiangsak ding pen mipi te hi kik leuleu hi (Aung San Suu Kyi). Mipi mimal kim ciatin pilvak takin khuadak in, pilna theihna a behlap ding thupi mahmah hi. Gam leh minam te mailam khantohna ding ahih nak leh makaite cih khempeuh pen 100 ah 100 man cih bang omlo ding ahih manin, amau cih bekbek zui pah henhan lo in, a sia apha kan siam ding zong thupi mahmah ding hi (Kawlgam dinmun). Makaite kisapna kicin lahnate panpih theih ding zong kisam mahmah hi. Makaite in zong mipi husa ngai in, amau cih bek ci tentan lo in, mipi piak ngaihsutnate a laktheih a zat theih ding zong thupi mahmah ding hi. Mao Zedong a hat sung teng, Deng Xiao Ping in kikhelna bangmah sem theilo hi. Sep theihna zong kipia lo in kinawl khin lai hi. Gam leh mipi te akhualna in lungkia lo in lungduai takin na ngak a, ama hun a tun ciangin damdam ong Sengam ong khel to hiathiat hi. Et teh huai mahmah hi. Mao Zedong in Deng Xiao Peng kikhelna tawh kisai a ngaihsut paikna na gen kha hileh hih sangin khangto baih zaw lai ding hi.

6) Gamkhat or kipawlna khat or na khat peuhpeuh ah kikhelna aom khit ciangin, hih kikhelna a kipsuak theihna ding, sawtpi a kiman theihna ding, sawtpi a ki mang khantohna a hih theih dingpen a kal nihna hi-in hih pen athupi penpen ahi hi. Gam leh minam vai makaite bek hi nawnlo in, kumpi nasem kipawlna tuamtuam te, biakna kipawlna tuamtuam te, sang naupang kipawlna tuamtuam te, CSO kipawlna tuamtuam te, mipi tangpi nautang mipi kipawlna tuamtuam te, Media te, etc…cih bangin mipi mimal khempeuh in picing tak leh pilvang takin a puah khawm zuun khawm in, itna deihsakna tawh kalsuan khop ding ahi hi. Tua pen nitumna gamte khantohna bulpi and a khantohna a kip akho sak thu bulpi te hi hi.

7) A thupi pen ah hih bangin kalsuan na ah ki telsiamna neih ding thupi penpen hi. Makaite leh nungzui te ki theihsiamna neih ding thu pi. Makai le makai kikal ki theihsiamna thupi ding hi. Mihing pian zia, sinna theihna, ngeina cihte pen ki bang sitset ngeilo ding hi. Tua ahih manin sepna bawlna gam makaihna kipawlna makaihna, nasepna te ah ngaihsutna nih leh thum a om toto thei ahi hi. Khat ii muhna bek aman pen cih om thei ngeilo hi. Tua ahih manin deihna bulpi pen ahi gam leh minam kipawlna khantohna ding cih ah kipum khat dingin, sepzia kalsuan zia ah ki theisiamna tawh kalsuan ding ahihi.

8) Ngaihsutna, kalsuanna khat ah kua mah paulo phunlo in ki thukim diam theih ding ahoih pen ahih hangin leitung ah tua bang aom theilo ding ahihna abeisa tangthu te tungtawn in ki mu khin hi. A om phial leh zong tua in koi gam mahmah khantohna ah tun ngeilo hi. A hoihzaw ding deihna tawh ngaihsutna kipia in, a hoih lam in ki nialna ngaihsut piakna neih dingpen khantohna dingin a kisam thu bulpi hi zaw hi. Langpan lehtatna leh ahoihzaw ding deihna tawh ki nial ki dawnkikna (Mao Zedong leh Deng Xiao Ping) pen Zomi te in khentheih siam ding hun mahmah ta hi. Tua a khentheih nakleh minam sungah, makai leh nungzui kikal ah ki theihsiamna, ki itna khang semsem ding kipumkhatna leh khantohna in pelmawh ding hi.

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